Genetic and Molecular Factors in Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A Review

The diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is challenging and based on complex diagnostic criteria. DILI falls into two main categories i) intrinsic 'dose-dependent' Type A reactions ii) 'idiosyncratic' or Type B reactions (which are usually not predictable). Idiosyncratic reactions can be immunoallergic (hypersensitivity), or metabolic, although overlap between categories can occur. The aim of this review is to summarise the general view of underlying mechanisms in DILI and to highlight individual risk factors for developing hepatotoxicity. Polymorphisms of bioactivation/ toxification pathways through CYP450 enzymes (Phase I), detoxification reactions (Phase II) and excretion/transport (Phase III) are explored together with immunological factors that might determine DILI. The importance of establishing a multidisciplinary and multi-centric network to promote the understanding and research in hepatotoxicity is underlined. Challenges such as genetic analyses for association studies and whole genome studies, pharmacogenetic testing and future approaches to study DILI are considered. Knowledge regarding these operational mechanisms could provide further insight for the prospective identification of susceptible patients at risk of developing drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

Diagnóstico radiológico de la fractura de la apófisis coronoides medial del cúbito en el perro

En este trabajo se describen los signos radiológicos de la fractura de la apófisis coronoides medial del cúbito (FAC)en 22 perros de diferentes razas cuyas edades estaban comprendidas entre los 5 meses y los 8 años. En todos los casos se realizaron radiografías de ambos codos en las proyecciones craneolateral- caudomedial, mediolateral, mediolateral flexionada y craneocaudal. Las proyecciones craneolateral-caudomedial, y mediolateral resultaron las más valiosas desde un punto de vista diagnóstico mientras que las dos restantes aportaron una información complementaria.The radiological signs of fragmented medial corono id process (FCP) were described in 22 dogs of different breeds with an age ranged from 5 months to 8 years oId. A study of both elbows was performed in all dogs by means of craneolateral-caudomedial, mediolateral, flexed mediolateral and craneocaudal views. The craneolateral-caudomedial and mediolateral views resulted more diagnostic than the remaining ones which only showed ancillary information to the disease

Estudio radiológico de las alteraciones del codo en el perro

Se realiza un estudio radiológico de las principales alteraciones de la articulación del codo en el perro. Se dividen en dos grandes grupos: primarias, que son alteraciones producidas directamente en esta articulación, entre las que se incluyen osteocondrosis, no unión de la apófisis ancónea, fractura de la apófisis coronoides y luxación congénita de codo; y secundarias en las que incluimos aquellas alteraciones originadas en otras parte de la extremidad pero que tienen repercusión en el codo, como son los cierres prematuros de las placas de crecimiento del cúbito y radio.A radiographic stutdy Was made outlining the main lesions of the elbow in the dog. The diffrerent processes are included in two broad categories: primary lesions, those arisen from the elbow joint directly, wich include osteochondrosis, unuited anconeal process, fragmented coronoid process and congenital luxation of the elbow; and secundary lesions, namely those alterations after other aspects of the forelimb that secondarly involve the elbow joint, i.e., premature closure of the radial and cubital physeal plates

Transition from single-file to two-dimensional diffusion of interacting particles in a quasi-one-dimensional channel

Diffusive properties of a monodisperse system of interacting particles confined to a \textit{quasi}-one-dimensional (Q1D) channel are studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We calculate numerically the mean-squared displacement (MSD) and investigate the influence of the width of the channel (or the strength of the confinement potential) on diffusion in finite-size channels of different shapes (i.e., straight and circular). The transition from single-file diffusion (SFD) to the two-dimensional diffusion regime is investigated. This transition (regarding the calculation of the scaling exponent ($\alpha$) of the MSD $$ $\propto t^{\alpha}$) as a function of the width of the channel, is shown to change depending on the channel's confinement profile. In particular the transition can be either smooth (i.e., for a parabolic confinement potential) or rather sharp/stepwise (i.e., for a hard-wall potential), as distinct from infinite channels where this transition is abrupt. This result can be explained by qualitatively different distributions of the particle density for the different confinement potentials.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figure

Bases prácticas para el tratamiento del síndrome seborreico en el perro

El término seborrea o síndrome queratoseborreico describe un trastorno de la queratinización de carácter inespecífico que puede presentarse con origen primario o secundario, asociado, en este último caso, a muchas dermatosis del perro. El tratamiento sintomático de la seborrea es fundamental como apoyo al tratamiento específico y la única posibilidad terapéutica en los casos de seborrea primaria idiopática. Actualmente, el tratamiento antiseborreico se basa en productos de aplicación tópica y a menudo es difícil elegir entre la extensa gama de champús, lociones, cremas, etc., disponibles comercialmente. En la práctica, es importante conocer las características de sus principios activos y los efectos que tienen sobre la piel y trabajar con un número limitado de estos productos.The term seborrhea or keratoseborrheic syndrome describes a non-specific state of abnormal epidermal keratinization, that may arise with a primary or secondary origin, associated, in this latter case, with multiple canine dermatoses. Antiseborrheic therapy plays an importan: role in supporting specific treatment of the primary cause; moreover, it is the only possible treatment in those cases of idiopathic primary seborrhea. Currently, antiseborrheic therapy is based on topical formulations, but sometimes we are confused by the huge amount of shampoos, lotions, creams, ointments and others commercially available stuffs. Their proper use depends upon an understanding of their formulation and indications of their active components. From that point it is better to use a limited number of well known products

Who Drives Climate-relevant Policies in Brazil?

In this report, the central question of our research is who drives/obstructs climate-relevant policies in Brazil, paying special attention to renewable energy policies, climate policies and politics. We aim to identify the actors (in government, the private sector and civil society) who drive, or obstruct, efforts to reduce the carbon intensity of Brazil’s energy mix. The hypothesis here is that the actors who drive climate policies in Brazil are not specifically concerned with global climate change itself, but with economic, social or even political issues, such as energy security, job creation, competitiveness, promoting national industries, and gaining political power domestically or internationally. In that sense, climate change mitigation can be regarded as a co-benefit of other policies (energy policies included) that may have very different objectives. To answer the above-mentioned question, this research assesses renewable energy policies in Brazil, identifying key actors from government, business and civil society and their explicit, or implicit, motivations.UK Department for International Developmen

Diffusion-Reorganized Aggregates: Attractors in Diffusion Processes?

A process based on particle evaporation, diffusion and redeposition is applied iteratively to a two-dimensional object of arbitrary shape. The evolution spontaneously transforms the object morphology, converging to branched structures. Independently of initial geometry, the structures found after long time present fractal geometry with a fractal dimension around 1.75. The final morphology, which constantly evolves in time, can be considered as the dynamic attractor of this evaporation-diffusion-redeposition operator. The ensemble of these fractal shapes can be considered to be the {\em dynamical equilibrium} geometry of a diffusion controlled self-transformation process.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Al2O3 preforms infiltrated with poly(methyl methacrylate) for dental prosthesis manufacturing

The combination of biocompatible polymers and ceramics shows great promise in the development of composites with suitable mechanical properties for dental applications. In an attempt to further expand this research line, Al2O3 commercial powders (Vitro-ceram, Alglass, In-ceram) were sintered at 1400◦C for 2 h and infiltrated with poly(methyl methacrylate) for potential use in dental prostheses. The infiltration was performed using a homemade apparatus under a pressure of 7 bar for 6 and 12 h. The microstructure (studied using a scanning electron microscope), Archimedes density, 3-point bending flexural strength and Vickers hardness of the prepared composites were assessed and quantitatively compared. In general, microstructural analyses showed ceramic-and polymer-based interpenetrating network in all materials. The preforms infiltrated for 12 h showed superior properties; among them, the Vitro-ceram-based composite also demonstrated a near-zero open porosity and optimum mechanical characteristics. Specifically, its density, strength and hardness were 2.6 ± 0.07 g/cm3, 119.3 ± 5.0 MPa and 1055.1 ± 111.0 HV, respectively, passing the acceptance criteria of ISO 6872 and making it suitable for consideration as a metal-free structure for dental crowns and fixed partial prostheses until three anterior units

Caracterização ecofisiológica de cultivares de bananeira sob irrigação.

A identificação de genótipos de bananeira tolerantes ao estresse hídrico é uma etapa importante no melhoramento genético, visto que uma parcela significativa dos bananais não é irrigado, embora estejam em regiões com baixa incidência de chuvas, sobretudo, na região semiárida do Nordeste do país. A quantidade de chuvas necessárias ao bom desenvolvimento e produção de bananas está em torno de 1.900 mm por ano, bem distribuídos