Evaluasi Program Penyediaan Air Minum Dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat (Pamsimas) Di Kecamatan Tembalang

Pembangunan tidak lain merupakan suatu proses Perubahan yang berlangsung secara sadar, terencana dan berkelanjutan dengan sasaran utamanya adalah untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan hidup manusia. Salah satu pembangunan yang menjadi perhatian adalah kebutuhan air bersih dan sanitasi. Pamsimas merupakan salah satu bentuk solusi dari kurangnya air bersih dan sanitasi di Indonesia. Tetapi pelaksanaan Pamsimas masih belum optimal, tidak terkecuali pelaksanaan di Kecamatan Tembalang Kota Semarang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi Program Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat (Pamsimas) di Kecamatan Tembalang. Dalam evaluasi ini digunakan enam kriteria evaluasi yaitu efisiensi, efektivitas, kecukupan, perataan, responsivitas dan ketepatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Pamsimas di Kecamatan Tembalang sudah efektif dalam memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih dan sanitasi. Tetapi masih ditemui kekurangan, seperti kurang meratanya pembangunan tower air dan perpipaan Pamsimas, selain tidak merata masih banyak warga miskin yang masih belum dapat mendapatkan Pamsimas. Rekomendasi untuk meningkatkan perataan pembangunan Pamsimas dapat dilakukan pada saat musyawarah penentuan prioritas pembangunan dilakukan oleh seluruh elemen pelaksana Pamsimas, hal ini agar tercipta keadilan dan pemerataan pada pembangunan karena diawasi langsung oleh semua pihak yang terkait

Protoscoleces of <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i> stained with the fluorescent probe UCM120 under the confocal scanning laser microscope and effect of the parent compound UCM2550 on the motility.

<p><b>-</b> Protoscoleces were fixed, after washing they were incubated in the presence of the probe (100 μM) during several days, washed, fixed, washed again, mounted, and then observed by confocal microscopy. (A) Structure of the fluorescent probe UCM120 with the structure of the parent compound UCM2550 shown in black and the dansyl group shown in light brown. Images of two protoscoleces obtained from superficial (B) or from an entire stack of laser scanning (C). To assess specificity, protoscoleces were labeled under the same conditions with the probe (100 μM) in the presence of an excess (1000 μM) of 5-HT and the image projection was obtained from an entire stack of pictures (D). Relative motility observed in the presence of increasing concentrations of the parent compound UCM2550 in the WMicrotracker device measured after two hours of incubation (E); Image based motility quantification measured as a pixel change (F). Further details are provided in the Methods section. Asterisks indicate treatments found to be significantly different from the controls (*P ≤ 0.05) with t-test (E) or ANOVA and Dunnet post comparison tests (****P ≤ 0.0001, F). R: rostellum; S: suckers and Bo: body. The scale bar represents 50 μm in (A), (B) and (C) and 100 μm in (D). Arrowheads indicate localization of the probe.</p

Cladogram of cestode and invertebrate serotoninergic GPCRs.

<p>The amino acid sequences of predicted cestode serotonin receptors were aligned with the repertoire of serotonin receptors cloned from various other flatworm and non-flatworm invertebrate model organisms; <i>Dugesia japonica</i>, 5-HT_Dj; <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>, 5-HT_Sm; <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, 5-HT_Ce; <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, 5-HT_Dm. The cestode GPCR sequences cloned and functionally expressed in this study (5-HT_7Egran1, 5-HT_7Egran2, 5-HT_7Mco1) cluster within a clade of 5-HT7 like receptors (green), as does an additional predicted <i>M</i>. <i>corti</i> sequence (5-HT_7Mco2). Other predicted cestode serotoninergic sequences (5-HT_1Egran1 and 5-HT_1Egran2) cluster within a clade of 5-HT1 like receptors (blue). See <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006267#sec005" target="_blank">methods</a> for complete list of UniProt and GenBank sequence identifiers used in this analysis. Analysis was bootstrapped with 500 replicates.</p

Molecular modeling of serotoninergic receptors from cestodes.

<p>The structural similarities between three cestode receptors and the published structure of the serotoninergic receptor from human (4IAR) are shown. A) Model of the serotonin receptor 5-HT_7Egran1 (Brown) superposed to the published structure of the human serotonin receptor 5-HT1B (blue). B) Close view of the putative ergotamine interaction with residues of the transmembrane domains III and V from 5-HT_7Egran1 (lateral chains of the amino acids involved are indicated in red), molecular distances between atoms are indicated. C) Model of 5-HT_7Egran2 (violet) superposed to 5-HT1B (blue). D) Close view of the ergotamine interaction with some residues of the transmembrane domains III and V from 5-HT7_Egran2. E) Model of 5-HT_7Mco1 (Brown) superposed to 5-HT1B (blue). F) Close view of the ergotamine interaction with some residues of the transmembrane domains III and V from 5-HT_7Mco1. In all the representations, the molecule of ergotamine was marked in green and the residues in transmembrane domains potentially involved in ergotamine interaction were marked in red.</p

Heterologous expression of GPCRs reveals 5-HT evoked cAMP accumulation.

<p>Time resolved measurements of cAMP accumulation in cells expressing individual cestode serotoninergic GPCRs (A) 5-HT_7Egran1, (B) 5-HT_7Egran2 and (C) 5-HT_7Mco1 before and after addition of IBMX (1^st arrow, 200μM) and different doses of 5-HT (2^nd arrow, doses indicated in legend). (D, E & F) dose response relationships to 5-HT measuring peak amplitude of 5-HT evoked luminescence change in cells expressing the indicated GPCR (solid circles), or untransfected HEK-293 cells (open circles).</p