DESVENDANDO OS DESAFIOS DO CÂNCER DE MAMA EM MULHERES JOVENS UMA ANÁLISE ABRANGENTE DE FATORES DE RISCO, DIAGNÓSTICO E TRATAMENTO

Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women, with approximately 66,280 new cases estimated for 2022. Of these, 5-7% are diagnosed in women under the age of 40, a group that is more likely to develop malignant tumors and face unfavorable prognoses. The relatively low incidence of this disease in young women contributes to the lack of discussion on the subject, a gap that needs to be filled due to the significant psychological impacts and high mortality rate associated with this condition. The main objective of this research is to understand and identify the risk factors associated with the development of breast cancer in young women. Methods: A survey of articles published between 2017-2024 was carried out using the electronic databases: PubMed, Scielo and the website of the National Cancer Institute. The search terms used were "Breast Cancer" OR "Breast Neoplasms" AND "Risk Factors" AND "Before 40 years", "breast cancer", "risk factors" and "breast cancer in young women". Articles published in Portuguese, Spanish or English were selected. Results: Breast cancer in women under 40 has several risk factors that determine its early or late occurrence, divided into modifiable and non-modifiable. Modifiable factors include environmental and behavioral aspects, such as the use of contraceptives, dietary patterns, age of first pregnancy after 30, lifestyle, low income and living in urban areas. Non-modifiable factors include genetic predisposition, race, genetic mutations and early menarche. Despite the identification of modifiable factors, a large part of the population is unaware of these elements, compromising the adoption of preventive measures. Early diagnosis is challenging due to the general lack of information on the subject and the difficulties related to the necessary tests. Treatment often involves total mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction to reduce the risk of recurrence and minimize the psychological impact of breast loss on a woman's self-image. Raising awareness of these factors is essential to promote prevention and early diagnosis. Conclusion: Breast cancer in young women is a disease that has multifactorial components to its development. These causes need to be widely disseminated to the population, so that they can prevent and seek early treatment for this neoplasm.Introdução: O câncer de mama representa a segunda neoplasia mais comum em mulheres, com aproximadamente 66.280 novos casos estimados para o ano de 2022. Destes, 5-7% são diagnosticados em mulheres com menos de 40 anos, grupo que apresenta uma maior propensão a desenvolver tumores malignos e enfrentar prognósticos desfavoráveis. A incidência relativamente baixa dessa doença em mulheres jovens contribui para a escassa discussão em torno do assunto, uma lacuna que se mostra necessário preencher em virtude dos significativos impactos psicológicos e elevada taxa de mortalidade associada a essa condição. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em compreender e identificar os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de câncer de mama em mulheres jovens. Métodos: Realizou-se um levantamento de artigos publicados entre 2017-2024, utilizando as bases de dados eletrônicas: PubMed, Scielo e sítio da internet do Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Utilizou-se como termos de busca “Breast Cancer” OR “Breast Neoplasms” AND “Risk Factors” AND “Before 40 years”, “câncer de mama”, “fatores de risco” e “câncer de mama em mulheres jovens”. Foram selecionados artigos publicados em português, espanhol ou inglês. Resultados: O câncer de mama em mulheres com menos de 40 anos apresenta diversos fatores de risco que determinam sua ocorrência precoce ou tardia, divididos em modificáveis e não modificáveis. Entre os fatores modificáveis estão aspectos ambientais e comportamentais, como o uso de anticoncepcionais, padrões alimentares, idade da primeira gestação após os 30 anos, estilo de vida, baixa renda e residência em áreas urbanas. Já os não modificáveis incluem predisposição genética, raça, mutações genéticas e menarca precoce. Apesar da identificação de fatores modificáveis, grande parte da população desconhece esses elementos, comprometendo a adoção de medidas preventivas. O diagnóstico precoce é desafiador devido à falta de informação generalizada sobre o tema e às dificuldades relacionadas aos exames necessários. O tratamento, frequentemente, envolve mastectomia total seguida de reconstrução mamária, visando reduzir o risco de recidiva e minimizar o impacto psicológico da perda da mama na autoimagem da mulher. Conscientizar sobre esses fatores é essencial para promover a prevenção e diagnóstico precoces. Conclusão: O câncer de mama em mulheres jovens, é uma doença que possui componentes multifatoriais para seu desenvolvimento. É necessário que essas causas sejam amplamente difundidas para a população, uma vez que assim ela conseguirá se prevenir e buscar tratamento precoce para essa neoplasia

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora