The mafia psychology and the coexistence systems

One of the main objectives of this paper is the analysis of the systems that allowed the coexistence of three most important, well-known and widespread Italian mafia organizations, on national and international territories, namely: Cosa Nostra, 'ndrangheta and camorra. First of all, we will introduce the theoretical framework, which is focused on social coexistence (Carli, 2000a, 2000b) and on social-organizational coexistence (Gozzoli, 2014). Secondly, this article will propose a reading of the mafia organizations coexistence phenomena in Sicily, Calabria, Campania and Lombardy, mainly focusing on the structure of thought and on their relational approach towards the Other. Interestingly, the analysis revealed a profound difference between mafia organizations’ relational approach when in their homeland and when in "conquered" territories: in their homeland they subject the population through fear, there is no need for further investments, as it is recognized by people, and above all, the concept of mafia is psycho-anthropo-culturally established and part of the community structure itself. By contrast, in conquered territories, mafia organizations invest, they do business, they carry out lawful activities and are involved with influential people in finance. On the other hand, Lombardy’s communities often have a dangerous type of relationship with mafia, known as "fundamentalist": criminals are seen as “disposable", an object to be used. For this reason, in the final part of the work, we developed a plan to promote a generative coexistence in territories where coexistence is currently impossible and destructive, that is wherever mafia organizations have set up and required a code of silence from people. The final aim is to create the most hostile ground possible for the mafia, to create a "socio-relational and economic desertification of criminal organizations”, and build awareness in professionals (e.g., entrepreneurs, artisans, etc.) and non-professionals (i.e., communities) that coming to terms with organized crime is far from economically viable and, indeed, deadly.</p

The mafia psychology and the coexistence systems

One of the main objectives of this paper is the analysis of the systems that allowed the coexistence of three most important, well-known and widespread Italian mafia organizations, on national and interna- tional territories, namely: Cosa Nostra, 'ndrangheta and camorra. First of all, we will introduce the theo- retical framework, which is focused on social coexistence (Carli, 2000a, 2000b) and on social- organizational coexistence (Gozzoli, 2014). Secondly, this article will propose a reading of the mafia organizations coexistence phenomena in Sicily, Calabria, Campania and Lombardy, mainly focusing on the structure of thought and on their relational approach towards the Other. Interestingly, the analysis revealed a profound difference between mafia organizations\u2019 relational approach when in their home- land and when in "conquered" territories: in their homeland they subject the population through fear, there is no need for further investments, as it is recognized by people, and above all, the concept of ma- fia is psycho-anthropo-culturally established and part of the community structure itself. By contrast, in conquered territories, mafia organizations invest, they do business, they carry out lawful activities and are involved with influential people in finance. On the other hand, Lombardy\u2019s communities often have a dangerous type of relationship with mafia, known as "fundamentalist": criminals are seen as \u201cdisposa- ble", an object to be used. For this reason, in the final part of the work, we developed a plan to promote a generative coexistence in territories where coexistence is currently impossible and destructive, that is wherever mafia organizations have set up and required a code of silence from people. The final aim is to create the most hostile ground possible for the mafia, to create a "socio-relational and economic deserti- fication of criminal organizations\u201d, and build awareness in professionals (e.g., entrepreneurs, artisans, etc.) and non-professionals (i.e., communities) that coming to terms with organized crime is far from economically viable and, indeed, deadly

Immunosuppressive Therapy with Oral Prednisone to Prevent Restenosis after PCI. A Multicenter Randomized Trial.

Background: Prednisone at immunosuppressive doses after stenting has shown remarkable efficacy in reducing ischemic recurrences in nondiabetic patients with high post-procedural levels of C-reactive protein; the study aim was to compare the clinical outcome obtained in a control group of patients treated with bare metal stents versus 2 other study groupsbare metal stent plus oral prednisone or drug eluting stentsassuming similar optimal adjunctive medical treatment. Methods: Five tertiary Italian hospitals enrolled 375 nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease and no contraindications to dual antiplatelet treatment or corticosteroid therapy in a randomized, controlled study performed between 2007 and 2009. Patients were allocated into 3 study groups: bare metal stents (controls), bare metal stents followed by a 40-day prednisone treatment, or drug-eluting stents. The primary endpoint was the event-free survival of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and recurrence of ischemia needing repeated target vessel revascularization at 1 year as adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee. Results: One-year follow-up was obtained in all patients. Patients receiving bare metal stents alone as compared to those treated with prednisone or drug-eluting stents had lower event-free survival; the primary endpoint was 80.8% in controls compared to 88.0% in the prednisone and 88.8% in the drug-eluting stent groups, respectively (P = .04 and .006). Conclusion: Compared with bare metal stents alone, prednisone treatment after bare metal stents or drug-eluting stent implantation result in a better event-free survival at 1 year

Immunosuppressive therapy with oral prednisone to prevent restenosis after PCI. A multicenter randomized trial.

Prednisone at immunosuppressive doses after stenting has shown remarkable efficacy in reducing ischemic recurrences in nondiabetic patients with high post-procedural levels of C-reactive protein; the study aim was to compare the clinical outcome obtained in a control group of patients treated with bare metal stents versus 2 other study groups--bare metal stent plus oral prednisone or drug eluting stents--assuming similar optimal adjunctive medical treatment.Five tertiary Italian hospitals enrolled 375 nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease and no contraindications to dual antiplatelet treatment or corticosteroid therapy in a randomized, controlled study performed between 2007 and 2009. Patients were allocated into 3 study groups: bare metal stents (controls), bare metal stents followed by a 40-day prednisone treatment, or drug-eluting stents. The primary endpoint was the event-free survival of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and recurrence of ischemia needing repeated target vessel revascularization at 1 year as adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee.One-year follow-up was obtained in all patients. Patients receiving bare metal stents alone as compared to those treated with prednisone or drug-eluting stents had lower event-free survival; the primary endpoint was 80.8\% in controls compared to 88.0\% in the prednisone and 88.8\% in the drug-eluting stent groups, respectively (P=.04 and .006).Compared with bare metal stents alone, prednisone treatment after bare metal stents or drug-eluting stent implantation result in a better event-free survival at 1 year