Discorvery of Entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps takaomontana at Langbian Mountain, Lam Dong, Vietnam

The stromata of Cordyceps takaomontana Y. Kobayashi (1941) were found on the Langbian Mountain, Da Lat, Vietnam at the height of 1.650 meter above sea level, on the larva of Lepidoptera. Stromata were lemon-yellow, clavate to enlongated clavate, arising from a white pseudosclerotium. The fertile head was on the top part of stromata, darker colored in comparison to the stipe. Perithecium was narrowly ovoid, superficial and forming dark yellow punctate on the surface of stromata. Ascus was cylindrical with semi-spherical cap. Ascospores were cylindrical, truncated and separately after discharge from the ascus. Pure culture was isolated on Potato Glucose Agar (PGA) medium: white colony in young and yellow in old. The isolated mycelium was not homogenous in thickness and in growth rate at the peripheral area. Conidiophores were phialide, tapering to both apexes. Conidia had elliptical shape and formed into chains after maturation. DNA was isolated, then purified from pure mycelium and used to amplifying the nrLSU (nuclear ribosomal large subunit) and rpb1 (RNA polymerase II largest subunit) genes. The amplified products were used for sequencing, proof-reading by some professional softwares before combining with other nrLSU and rpb1 sequences. Then this database was used to search for the suitable evolution model as well as to construct the phylogenetic trees. The results of phylogenetic analysis completely supported the morphological classification: DL0038A and DL0038B were Cordyceps takaomontana Y. Kobayashi (1941)

The neuroimmunology of encephalitis in a mouse model of Dengue virus infection

Dengue (DENV) has increasingly been reported as being associated with neurological manifestations. Using a non-lethal mouse encephalitis model, we found that either soluble DENV2-derived or APC-processed antigen can drain from the parenchyma of infected brain to the draining cervical lymph node (CLN) within 24h post intracranial infection. Cognate T cells exit from the CLN and gain entry into the infected brains initially at d3 p.i., correlating with increased CXCL10, CCL5, CCL3, and CCL2 mRNA expression. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) were shown to be able to efficiently perform their immune tasks in vivo, contributing to clearance of infection, notwithstanding a temporal mismatch of T cell infiltration with early virus eradication in infected brains. After the resolution of infection, CTL remained in the brain as long-lived memory resident CD103+ T cells, as indicated by their differential CD62L and CX3CR1 expression, and expression of Granzyme B, rapidly expanding and lysing target cells following reinfection in vivo. In addition, we found two distinct differentiation patterns of bone marrow–derived monocytes (BMM) infiltrating virus-infected brains. During non-lethal DENV encephalitis, BMM gave rise to Ly6ChiCD11chiMHC-IIhi dendritic cells (DC), while in lethal WNV encephalitis, BMM differentiated into Ly6ChiCD11clowMHC-IIint inflammatory macrophages. At the gene expression level, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-signalling (i.e., anti-inflammatory/healing) pathway is activated to a much greater degree in DENV-infected than WNV-infected brains. Manipulating these mediators may allow us to control the severity of CNS inflammation, highlighting the potential therapeutic opportunities

The burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam: baseline assessment for a rotavirus vaccine trial.

BACKGROUND: In Vietnam, rotavirus is seen as a priority disease because studies have demonstrated that >50% of children hospitalized for treatment of diarrhea have rotavirus as the pathogen. To anticipate the availability of new vaccines, we have examined our field area in Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, as a potential site to conduct a field trial of a future rotavirus vaccine. METHODS: Data from a population census, incidence rates of diarrhea from a previous cholera vaccine trial and hospitalization rates from computerized records collected from the 2 main hospitals in the province were reviewed to estimate the burden of rotavirus-related diarrhea that might be expected during a field trial of a rotavirus vaccine. RESULTS: For a birth cohort of approximately 5000 children, we would expect approximately 2500 clinic visits and 650-850 hospitalizations for treatment of diarrhea, of which approximately 375-425 would be attributable to rotavirus. For the Vietnamese birth cohort of 1,639,000 children, these numbers translate into approximately 820,000 clinic visits, 122,000-140,000 hospitalizations and 2900-5400 deaths annually attributable to rotavirus-related diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Vietnam is an early adaptor of new vaccines, has high national coverage rates (>85%) for childhood immunization and receives international donor support for the introduction of new vaccines. We found the epidemiologic features of rotavirus in rural Vietnam to be more similar to those of rotavirus in a developed country than to those of rotavirus in India or Bangladesh

Design and Fabrication of Side channel Photonic Crystal Fiber

International audienc

CNT-molecule-CNT (1D-0D-1D) van der Waals integration ferroelectric memory with 1-nm(2) junction area

© 2022 Springer Nature Limited. The device's integration of molecular electronics is limited regarding the large-scale fabrication of gap electrodes on a molecular scale. The van der Waals integration (vdWI) of a vertically aligned molecular layer (0D) with 2D or 3D electrodes indicates the possibility of device's integration; however, the active junction area of 0D-2D and 0D-3D vdWIs remains at a microscale size. Here, we introduce the robust fabrication of a vertical 1D-0D-1D vdWI device with the ultra-small junction area of 1 nm(2) achieved by cross-stacking top carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on molecularly assembled bottom CNTs. 1D-0D-1D vdWI memories are demonstrated through ferroelectric switching of azobenzene molecules owing to the cis-trans transformation combined with the permanent dipole moment of the end-tail -CF3 group. In this work, our 1D-0D-1D vdWI memory exhibits a retention performance above 2000 s, over 300 cycles with an on/off ratio of approximately 10(5) and record current density (3.4 x 10(8) A/cm(2)), which is 100 times higher than previous study through the smallest junction area achieved in a vdWI. The simple stacking of aligned CNTs (4 x 4) allows integration of memory arrays (16 junctions) with high device operational yield (100%), offering integration guidelines for future molecular electronics. The van der Waals integration of molecular layer (0D) with 2D or 3D electrodes is limited at microscale junction. Here, the authors introduce 1D-0D-1D vdWI memory with 1 nm(2) junction achieved by cross-stacking t-CNT on molecularly assembled b-CNT.11Nsciescopu

Bioeconomics of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, culture in Vietnam

This article presents an analysis of the profitability and intensity of cobia culture by small-scale farmers in Vietnam, especially focusing on current feeding practices and perceptions regarding adoption of manufactured diets. Bioeconomic modelling is used so the interactions between biological and economic processes can be analyzed. Overall, it is found that cobia farming is moderately to highly profitable when compared to other aquaculture species in Vietnam. Culture practices and the level of intensity of cobia farming differ significantly across Vietnam. Initial stocking density, total number of fish stocked, number and size of cages, and quantity of feed used are all higher in southern Vietnam than the north. The higher level of intensification in the south leads to significantly higher total costs, productivity and profitability. The dominant cost source is feed, which is predominantly low-value fish. To capture the environmental and potential economic benefits of adopting pelleted diets, then negative farmer perceptions regarding relatively slow growth rates, and lack of availability compared with low-value fish need to be overcome