8 research outputs found

    Neurotoxicite développementale du chlorpyrifos via le système endocannabinoïde : effets comportementaux chez le rat

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    Le chlorpyrifos (CPF), pesticide agricole, est suspecté de neurotoxicité chez les enfants. Cet effet, observé suite à une exposition développementale à faible dose reposerait sur l’inhibition de l'hydrolase des amides d'acides gras du système des endocanabinoïdes (FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase). Des rats Sprague-Dawley ont été exposés, en période postnatale (PND10 à PND 16) soit au CPF à 0.5, 0,75 et 1 mg/kg/j, soit à un inhibiteur spécifique de la FAAH (PF-04457845). Les rats traités avec le CPF ont montré une diminution de l’anxiété et une augmentation des comportements sociaux, comme ceux traités par PF-04457845, suggérant l’implication de la FAAH dans les effets comportementaux du CPF. Les valeurs toxicologiques de référence utilisées pour évaluer les risques sanitaires du CPF devraient prendre pas en compte la sensibilité particulière pendant le développement, ce qui permettrait d’assurer une meilleure protection de la santé des enfants

    The Evolution of Primate Short-Term Memory.

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    Short-term memory is implicated in a range of cognitive abilities and is critical for understanding primate cognitive evolution. To investigate the effects of phylogeny, ecology and sociality on short-term memory, we tested the largest and most diverse primate sample to date (421 non-human primates across 41 species) in an experimental delayed-response task. Our results confirm previous findings that longer delays decrease memory performance across species and taxa. Our analyses demonstrate a considerable contribution of phylogeny over ecological and social factors on the distribution of short-term memory performance in primates; closely related species had more similar short-term memory abilities. Overall, individuals in the branch of Hominoidea performed better compared to Cercopithecoidea, who in turn performed above Platyrrhini and Strepsirrhini. Interdependencies between phylogeny and socioecology of a given species presented an obstacle to disentangling the effects of each of these factors on the evolution of short-term memory capacity. However, this study offers an important step forward in understanding the interspecies and individual variation in short-term memory ability by providing the first phylogenetic reconstruction of this trait’s evolutionary history. The dataset constitutes a unique resource for studying the evolution of primate cognition and the role of short-term memory in other cognitive abilities.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    The Evolution of Primate Short-Term Memory

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    Short-term memory is implicated in a range of cognitive abilities and is critical for understanding primate cognitive evolution. To investigate the effects of phylogeny, ecology and sociality on short-term memory, we tested the largest and most diverse primate sample to date (421 non-human primates across 41 species) in an experimental delayed-response task. Our results confirm previous findings that longer delays decrease memory performance across species and taxa. Our analyses demonstrate a considerable contribution of phylogeny over ecological and social factors on the distribution of short-term memory performance in primates; closely related species had more similar short-term memory abilities. Overall, individuals in the branch of Hominoidea performed better compared to Cercopithecoidea, who in turn performed above Platyrrhini and Strepsirrhini. Interdependencies between phylogeny and socioecology of a given species presented an obstacle to disentangling the effects of each of these factors on the evolution of short-term memory capacity. However, this study offers an important step forward in understanding the interspecies and individual variation in short-term memory ability by providing the first phylogenetic reconstruction of this trait’s evolutionary history. The dataset constitutes a unique resource for studying the evolution of primate cognition and the role of short-term memory in other cognitive abilities

    ManyPrimates: an infrastructure for international collaboration in primate cognition research

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    Un des objectifs des recherches en cognition chez les primates est de comprendre l'histoire évolutive de leurs capacités cognitives. De grands échantillons provenant d'un large éventail d'espèces sont essentiels pour atteindre ce but. Cependant, la fiabilité des inférences évolutives résultant de ces études souffre souvent d’échantillons réduits, limités à une poignée d’individus et d'espèces. Le projet ManyPrimates propose de surmonter ces limitations en fournissant un cadre collaboratif à grande échelle à l’intention d’études comparatives sur la cognition des primates. S'appuyant sur des initiatives similaires issues d'autres domaines de la psychologie, ce consortium a déjà produit une étude pilote sur la mémoire à court terme regroupant, à ce jour, l'un des échantillons de primates le plus important, i.e. 176 individus, et le plus diversifié, i.e. douze espèces provenant de onze sites différents. D’autres projets sur la mémoire à court terme, mais aussi sur les capacités d’inhibition ou encore l’inférence par exclusion sont en cours, et représentent des opportunités prometteuses pour répondre à des questions encore ouvertes sur l’origine des capacités cognitives des primates. Cet article présente les résultats préliminaires et les perspectives de cet ambitieux projet ainsi que le fonctionnement de cette infrastructure collaborative et les différentes manières d’y contribuer.Research in primate cognition improves our understanding of the evolutionary history of these mental abilities. Large samples from a wide diversity of species are essential to achieve such objectives. However, research on primate cognition usually suffers from very small samples limited to a handful of species, which prevents reliable evolutionary inferences. The ManyPrimates project offers to overcome some of these problems by providing a large-scale collaborative framework for comparative studies on primate cognition. Building on similar initiatives in other areas of psychology, this consortium has already produced a pilot study on short-term memory gathering one of the largest, i.e. 176 individuals, and most diverse, i.e. twelve species from eleven different sites, primate samples to date. Other projects on short-term memory, inhibitory abilities and on inference by exclusion are in progress on large and diverse data sets and represent exciting opportunities to answer still open questions on the origin of the extraordinary cognitive abilities of primates. This paper describes these projects but also the coordination and communication of this collaborative infrastructure and the different ways to contribute to it
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