Staggering and Synchronisation of Prices in a Low Inflation Environment: Evidence from German Food Stores

Only a few studies have analysed staggering and synchronisation in pricing behaviour of multi-product firms. These studies used low-frequency data in an environment of high rates of inflation. This paper investigates staggering and synchronisation of weekly prices for ten food products in 131 grocery stores in Germany over the period from May 1995 to December 2000 (296 weeks). Different forms of staggering and synchronisation (across-store synchronisation, within type-of-store synchronisation, within retailer synchronisation or across-product synchronisation) have been analysed. None of these forms of synchronisation is supported empirically however. In contrast, perfect staggering can only be rejected in very few cases indicating that fixed or firm specific menu costs are not major causes for price stickiness. --Food Retail Market,Germany,Pricing Behaviour,Menu Costs

Interconversion of Prony series for relaxation and creep

Various algorithms have been proposed to solve the interconversion equation of linear viscoelasticity when Prony series are used for the relaxation and creep moduli, G(t) and J(t). With respect to a Prony series for G(t), the key step in recovering the corresponding Prony series for J(t) is the determination of the coefficients {jk} of terms in J(t). Here, the need to solve a poorly conditioned matrix equation for the {jk} is circumvented by deriving elementary and easily evaluated analytic formulae for the {jk} in terms of the derivative dG(s)/ds of the Laplace transform G(s) of G(t)

An Ecological Study of the Prairie and Sedge Meadow Communities of Richardson Wildlife Foundation

ID: 8259; Issue date not indicated on report.INHS Technical Report prepared for Terry Moyer, Richardson Wildlife Foundatio

Price Promotions and Brand Loyalty: Empirical Evidence for the German Breakfast Cereals Market

Price promotions are important marketing activities for (food) retailers; brand loyalty is a major requisite to foster brands' assets. Several theoretical papers have analyzed the relationship between price promotions and brand loyalty resulting in mixed or perhaps contradictory outcomes; only a few empirical studies for (European) grocery markets are available to test which model(s) might be most relevant to reflect pricing strategies in food retailing. In this analysis, two detailed data sets for the German ready-to-eat breakfast cereals market are merged to investigate the relationship between price promotions and brand loyalty. We find significant empirical evidence that stronger brands tend to be promoted less frequently at lower discounts compared to weaker brands. The reason might be that price reductions are more costly for brands having loyal customers who are willing to accept higher mark-ups. Therefore stronger brands might need to come up with alternative measures to recruit new customers instead of offering attractive promotional sales.Price Promotion, Brand Loyalty, Food Retailing, Ready-to-Eat Cereals, Germany, Instruments, Tobit, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Claytonia virginica L.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/2734/thumbnail.jp

Viola hirsutula Brainerd

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/20506/thumbnail.jp

Lysimachia L.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/20926/thumbnail.jp

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/21111/thumbnail.jp

Vitis riparia Michx.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/19790/thumbnail.jp

Morus rubra L.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/20021/thumbnail.jp