Finger Vein Recognition Based on PCA Feature using Artificial Neural Network

Personal recognition technology is developing rapidly as a security system. Traditional methods such as authentication key; password: card is not secure enough, because they could be stolen or easily forget. Biometrics has been applied to a wide range of systems. According to various researchers, vein biometrics was a good technique from other biometric authentication system used, such as fingerprints, hand geometry, voice, etc. of the DNA. Root Authentication systems can be designed in different ways. All methods include the matching stage. A neural network is an effective way of matching Personal identification authentication system. The finger vein pattern is unique biometric identity of the human beings. The finger vein recognition is a popular biometric technique which is used for authentication purposes in various applications. In the propose work an algorithm is proposed to find the accuracy, FRR and FAR of finger vein recognition. The performances of PCA, threshold segmentation, pre-processing and testing & training techniques has been validate and compared with each other in order to determine the most accurate results in terms of finger vein recognition

An Analytical Survey on Vein Pattern Recognition

Biometric is term of science to identify a person identity using their physiological features. Currently, vein pattern recognition has attracted the attention of the technology and industry all over the world. A vein is network of blood vessels under the skin of an individual. The vascular pattern is different for every person in the same part or region of the body. It is stable till very long age. As the veins are underneath the skin it is very difficult for intruder or forger to copy the feature. This uniqueness and strong immunity from intruders make it more potent biometric system which avails us secure features for individual identity verification. This paper involves the description of vein pattern recognition, its requirement and its importance in biometric system. Different feature extraction algorithms are reviewed as independent component analysis, principal component analysis method. For classification in vein pattern recognition we have reviewed support vector machine and neural network techniques. Parameters are described based on which results are computed like true positive, false positive, true negative, false negative, accuracy and precision

Strategic positioning of a supermarket

The purpose of this research is to identify the strategic positioning of a supermarket to remain competitive in the market. Strategic positioning is an important consideration for every business. Strategic positioning means a strategy of business by which it provides value to its employees, customers or stakeholders. Strategic positioning helps to differentiate the business from others. The business is operating in a highly competitive environment and product differentiation is hard for business. This organisation is independently owned and divided into different departments such as deli, bakery, florist, produce, grocery, seafood, and butchery. The research was conducted by mixed methods. Interviews were conducted with the store manager and human resources manager to gain information about resource capabilities, primary and support activities of the company. Quantitative research was done by questionnaire to 50 customers to gather information about customers’ views about the organisation. 27 customers preferred the supermarket on the basis of service quality. However, five customers preferred it due to price, 10 due to convenience, and 12 due to products. Out of stock products, customer service, price, and unclear labels were reasons for the dissatisfaction of 20, 12, 15, and 3 customers. Focusing on SWOT analysis, the research concludes that the organisation is competing on the basis of quality of product and service at premium prices. On the other hand, the organisation has to focus on supply chain and innovation

A study of maternal near miss cases in tertiary health centre in north India

Background: Maternal near miss is defined as woman who nearly died but survived a complication that occurred during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.Methods: It was one-and-a-half-year prospective study from April 2016 to September 2017 conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College, Patiala. The causes of maternal near miss based on WHO 2010 Near Miss criteria were studied.Results: In the present study out of total deliveries of 6166, there were 5461 live births and 123 maternal near miss cases which were included based on WHO 2010 maternal near miss approach. The maternal near miss incidence ratio (MNMR) in present study is 22.5. Literature reports the similar trends and MNMR varies between 15 to 40 per 1000 live births. Maternal near miss to mortality ratio is 1.89:1 in the present study.Conclusions: The most common direct cause for maternal near miss is hemorrhage. Severe preeclampsia is one of the easiest identifiable and avoidable factors for preventing maternal death. Studying near miss in detail allows us proper assessment of opportunities that were missed, analyzing the gaps and patient care related factors and helps to develop an audit system for maternal care

Constitutional Protection to Weaker Section of Society of India: A Socio Legal Study

In democratic countries, laws are based on the principle of “equal protection of law and equality before law.” India is a complex society. Its main feature is a caste-ridden society. The society is split up on the basis of caste, religion, wealth, or occupation. This practice taking place since time immemorial. Society is polluted by many evil social practices like untouchability. There is a certain upper caste who believe some groups of lower caste as untouchable and they commit atrocities based on caste on those lower strata people of society. The rays of hope to eradicate this social evil, we have the measures that provided in our Constitution. In order to treat everyone equally, the constitution of India added a provision regarding the abolishment of untouchability. Further, it is the duty of the state and its agencies to safeguard the socio-economic interest of these weaker communities of society who are vulnerable to atrocities and exploitation by those constituting strong strata of society. The weaker section of society is referred to as a tribal population including scheduled caste and scheduled tribes specifically. Even after having such strong constitutional measures of protection, people of weaker sections of society are facing cruelty in society's so-called free India. In order to uplift them in society or to give them equal protection, the parliament has enacted the law known as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989. This paper will deal with the different laws providing measures of protection from exploitation and atrocities to people of Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribes. It would also examine Whether this law has achieved the intended objective for which it was enacted. Further, the focus of the paper would be to analyze the rationality of Amendment Act 2018 with special reference to sec 18A of the Act which authorizes the automatic arrest of the accused without any initial investigation or inquiry of the offence.&nbsp

“FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF ROSUVASTATIN CALCIUM BY USING HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS AND SOLID DISPERSION METHOD”

Objective: Preparation of Rosuvastatin Calcium by Using Hydrophilic Polymers and Solid Dispersion Method, Rosuvastatin calcium is a Dyslipidaemic agent, which act as a selective competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA educates enzyme and is used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Methods: In the present work, Solid Dispersion was prepared by kneading method to increase the solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium. Results: Solid dispersions were evaluated by determining percentage yield, drug content, solubility, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), DSC and in vitro dissolution profile. The prepared solid dispersion are formulated into capsule dosage form and characterized by various parameters i.e. weight variation, content uniformity, disintegration and dissolution. The evaluated parameters of capsule dosage form increase in solubility and dissolution rate of the pure drug. Conclusion: These are various techniques to enhance the solubility of the drug, such as particle size reduction, use of surfactants, solid dispersion etc. Carriers are the major players in these formulations, e. g. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, Carbopol, Acacia Gum etc. Carbopol and Acacia Gum is one of the most efficient polymers work as a carrier for these drugs to enhance solubility

Low Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block with Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine as Adjuvants to Local Anaesthetic Mixture: A Double-blind Randomised Clinical Study

Introduction: For routine and emergency upper limb surgeries, brachial plexus block is better alternative to general anaesthesia. As compared to classic Interscalene brachial plexus Block (ISB), Low Interscalene Block (LISB) deposit Local Anaesthetic (LA) more caudad causing sensory-motor blockade of upper limb. It acts as bridge between supraclavicular and classic ISB. Local anaesthetic mixture are used to shorten the onset of sensory-motor blockade. Alongside, various adjuvants are mixed with LA to further improve quality of block. Aim: To compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and clonidine as adjuvants to LA mixture in LISB for upper limb surgeries to assess onset and duration of sensory-motor block and to observe any complication associated with block. Materials and Methods: This double-blind, randomised prospective clinical study was conducted on 90 patients, aged 18-60 years, posted for upper limb surgeries with American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I, II at a tertiary care centre of Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India from February 2021 to November 2021. The patients were randomly divided into three groups. Group I: levo-bupivacaine 0.5% (20 mL)+lignocaine 2% (10 mL)+Normal Saline (NS) (1 mL), group II: levo-bupivacaine 0.5% (20 mL)+lignocaine 2% (10 mL)+dexmedetomidine 50 mcg (1 mL), group III: levo-bupivacaine 0.5% (20 mL)+lignocaine 2% (10 mL)+clonidine 50 mcg (1 mL). The parameters observed were: onset and duration of sensory and motor block, any intraoperative complication. Data was compiled with the help of MS-Excel and analysis done with IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results: The mean onset time of sensory and motor block was faster in group II (4.20±0.62, 5.25±0.89 min) as compared to group III (5.24±0.99, 6.23±0.96 min) and group I (6.48±0.87, 7.03±1.02 min). The mean duration of sensory and motor block was prolonged in group II (743.38±12.55, 673.21±22.29 min) as compared to group III (480.65±14.72, 433.03±7.28 min) and group I (311.28±5.75, 272.03±6.09 min). No adverse effect was observed during this study. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine was more effective than clonidine as an adjuvant to LA mixture (0.5% levobupivaciane+2% lignocaine) in low interscalene brachial plexus block and no episode of pneumothorax and phrenic nerve palsy was seen

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infection among outdoor patients and indoor patients of tertiary care institute, Bathinda, Punjab, India

Background: Hepatitis virus infections have many serious consequences like chronic hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cancer. Serological test is thus necessary to identify hepatitis virus in the body. An observational study was conducted with an objective to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies by rapid card tests and to find the prevalence of co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses from January 2019 to June 2019.Methods: Blood samples were received from patients irrespective of age and sex, constituted the material for the present study. All samples were tested on hepacard and tri-dot card for the detection of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus and results were interpreted as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results: Out of 3488 samples, 254 samples were positive for hepatitis virus infection. Out of these 254 samples positive for hepatitis viruses, 22 (0.6%) patients were positive for hepatitis B virus and 232 (6.6%) patients were positive for hepatitis C virus. Only 2 (0.7%) of these patients showed co-infection with both viruses.Conclusions: Male patients showed more positivity of hepatitis virus as compared to females. Patients were more from outpatient department (OPD) as compared to inpatient department (IPD). Hepatitis virus infection was found to be highest in the age group 21-40 and lowest in the age group above 80 years. Both the co-infected patients were males and from IPD.

Effect of storage on properties of pine needle cattle dung briquettes

591-601The study has been under taken to utilize abundantly available pine needles in hilly region of Uttarakhand state to mitigate the drudgery involved in collection of fuel wood from nearby forest for cooking. Pine needle briquettes have been prepared using cattle dung as binding agent in a proportion of 60:40 by weight with the help of a hydraulic press. Three levels of briquetting parameters, namely particle size (0.54, 1.5, 3.0mm), die pressure (2.8, 4.14 and 5.5MPa) and dwell time (15, 30, 45sec) have been taken. Heating value, ash content, moisture content, bulk density, crushing strength and water resistance capacity of briquettes have been evaluated. Bulk density and calorific values have decreased with increase in storage period for all types of briquettes. An overall reduction of 6.5% in bulk density and about 1.5% in calorific value has found during storage for a period of 60 days. However, all the briquettes have remained stable. Based on process optimization using RSM, briquettes prepared at highest die pressure of 5.5 MPa with 2.6 mm particle size and 15 seconds dwell time have proved to be optimal considering all the quality parameters of briquettes included in the study over the storage period of 60 days

Teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm to minimize cross entropy for Selecting multilevel threshold values

Image thresholding is one of the most important approaches for image segmentation. Among multilevel thresholding techniques, cross entropy has been widely used by researchers to find multilevel threshold values. In multilevel cross entropy thresholding techniques, main target is to find an optimal combination of threshold values at different levels for minimizing the cross entropy. In this paper, Teaching-Learning-based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm is used to find an optimal combination of threshold values at different levels for minimizing the cross entropy. TLBO algorithm is inspired by passing on knowledge within a classroom environment where students first gain knowledge from a teacher and then through mutual interaction. This new proposed approach is called the TLBO-based minimum cross entropy thresholding (TLBO-based MCET) algorithm. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested on a number of standard test images. For comparative analysis, the results of TLBO-based MCET algorithm are compared with the results of Firefly-based minimum cross entropy thresholding (FF-based MCET), Honey Bee Mating Optimization-based minimum cross entropy thresholding (HBMO-based MCET) and Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization-based minimum cross entropy thresholding (Quantam PSO-based MCET). Comparative analysis is done based on two most popular objective performance measures, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Uniformity. From experimental results, it is observed that the proposed method is an efficient and feasible method to search an optimal combination of threshold values at 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th levels. Keywords: Cross entropy, Teacher-Learning-based Optimization (TLBO), Thresholding, PSNR, Uniformit