Metalliferous black shales - a probable source of mercury in pike in Lake Kolmisoppi, Sotkamo, Finland

Black shale formations 20‒400 m thick, deposited 1.96‒2.10 Ga ago and rich in carbon, sulphur and metals, are encountered in eastern Finland. They commonly contain some 0.2 ppm mercury, but in certain localities concentrations are high due to hydrothermal addition; in the area of lake Kolmisoppi in Sotkamo there is a Ni-Cu-Zn occurrence in black shales, which contains 1.7 ppm mercury on average and 7.5 ppm maximum. Compared with the background mercury concentrations in pike (Esox lucius L.) in Finnish lakes, which are generally lower than 0.5 ppm, pike in lake Kolmisoppi exhibit an anomalously high concentration of 0.96 ppm. As mercury concentrations in pike in lakes in Sotkamo vary widely, and as metal-rich black shale is one of the most readily weathered rocks in Finland, the anomaly might be due to the bedrock

Haveri Tailings -Environmental Threat or Potential for Reprocessing

Goldschmidt 2019, Barcelona (España), 18-23 agosto, 201

Environmental impact of mineralised black shales

Black shales are sedimentary rocks containing >0.5% of organic carbon. They host polymetallic deposits which have been mined for Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, P, Mo, V, U, Au and PGE (platinum group elements). Even sub-economic occurrences provide potential risk of acid rock drainage when exposed to oxic surface environment. The natural acid neutralisation potential varies depending on the adjacent rock units, especially on the presence of calcareous rocks. The chemical and mineralogical composition of black shale is reflected in the quality of the surface waters and groundwater. Cu, Ni, Pb, U and Zn are recognised as major pollutants though the environmental impact is characteristically polymetallic just like the black shale occurrences. Hence, the environmental impacts have to be evaluated in each occurrence. The Proterozoic Ni–Zn–Cu–Co deposit at Talvivaara, Finland, is reviewed in more detail as an example of a large, low-grade deposit that is currently exploited with open pit mining and a bioleaching process, together with the Proterozoic Central African Copperbelt, the Cambrian U-Mo deposits in Sweden, the Cambrian Ni–Mo–PGE deposits in China and the Cambrian-Ordovician U deposits in South-Korea, the Devonian Ni–Zn–PGE occurrences in Yukon, Canada, and Kentucky, USA, and the Permian Cu-Ag deposits in Poland and Germany. The mineralised horizons may be merely few centimetres thick like in Yukon or hundreds of metres thick like at Talvivaara. Both natural and anthropogenic environmental impacts of black shales are reviewed world-wide, and based on the overview of the state-of-the-art an integrated research approach is suggested for the comprehensive assessment of the risk. Black shales are natural sources of soil and water contamination. At Talvivaara, the geochemical background includes higher than average concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn in glacial till, peat, surface waters and groundwater as well as in stream and lake sediments. Bioaccumulation by plants has been reported in China and Korea. Even endemic diseases have been proposed to be linked with the contamination derived from the weathering and leaching of harmful elements from black shale. Anthropogenic actions exposing the black shale bedrock and associated soils to oxic conditions further intensifies acid rock drainage. Regional or nation-wide mapping of the black shales is recommended to detect potential risk areas. Finland has recently completed the country-wide mapping program of black shales with airborne geophysics integrated with geological, petrophysical and geochemical studies. The black shale database is actively used in regional planning and by environmental authorities, research institutes and consulting companies. In the case of the historical black shale mining areas like in the Kupferschiefer in Germany, restoration measures have been applied to prevent further acid mine drainage. In active and future mining projects, a comprehensive environmental impact assessment with effective monitoring programmes and closure plans play a crucial role in the prevention of acid mine drainage from the black shale -associated deposits.We acknowledge the Geological Survey of Finland for continuous long-term funding for the black shale research. Geophysicists Hilkka Arkimaa, Eija Hyvönen, Jouni Lerssi and Meri-Liisa Airo have had a key role in the country-wide black shale mapping in Finland. We thank Kirsti Keskisaari and Harri Kutvonen from the Geological Survey of Finland for drafting Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6. We acknowledge the ‘Juan de la Cierva -Incorporación’ (IJCI-2016-27412) Fellowship funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). We also acknowledge the reviewers whose constructive reviews helped to increase the quality of the manuscript. Finally we thank Karsten Pedersen for valuable comments and for the efficient editorial handling

Does underlying bedrock affect the geochemistry of drained peatlands?

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Management of risks posed by anthropogenic and natural arsenic at Pirkanmaa region, Finland

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