Fighting Words: Targeting Speech in Armed Conflict

Freedom of speech is considered one of the most fundamental human rights, but it is not without limits. In the context of an armed conflict, engaging in certain types of speech can form the basis for lethal targeting by States. Consensus exists in customary international law that speech-driven strikes constitute a lawful use of force under jus in bello standards. For example, a civilian who communicates the position of targets, or broadcasts tactical intelligence for a specific military operation has, by their speech, made themselves a lawful target. While customary international law agrees that speech-driven targeting is lawful, there has been little discussion by States or scholars of the requirements that form the basis for speech-driven targeting. The lack of scholarship concerning speech-driven targeting by States undercuts the legitimacy of speech-driven targeting and suggests that international law is not currently imposing adequate limits on the use of force by States against the fundamental human right of free speech. To justify speech-driven strikes, States and commentators use traditional tests based on a person’s actions to determine whether an individual has forfeited their protected status and is targetable. These action-based tests are problematic and lead to inconsistent results because they are designed to assess an individual’s actions as opposed to speech. To address this problem, this article will provide the first descriptive and normative analysis of speech-driven targeting. Descriptively, the article explains how speech-driven targeting currently exists in international law while simultaneously demonstrating the lack of guidance and agreement about what is required before the lawful use of lethal force. Next, from a normative perspective, the article proposes a core set of factors that should inform the speech-driven targeting analysis. The article then applies these factors to a real-world example of America’s use of force in Yemen against Anwar al-Awlaki to explore how using the factors would affect the legality of such a strike. The article concludes that using these proposed factors would enhance protections for freedom of speech while simultaneously enhancing State decisions and actions from a substantive and procedural perspective

Dimensional effects in photoelectron spectra of Ag deposits on GaAs(110) surfaces

It is shown that the peak structure observed in angle-resolved photoelectron spectra of metallic deposits can only be unambiguously associated to single electronic states if the deposit has a two dimensional character (finite along one spatial direction). In one and zero dimensions the density of states shows peaks related to bunches of single electron states (the finer structure associated to the latter may not always be experimentally resolved). The characteristics of the peak structure strongly depend on the band dispersion in the energy region where they appear. Results for the density of states and photoemission yield for Ag crystallites on GaAs(110) are presented and compared with experimental photoelectron spectra.Comment: Uuencoded gz-compressed postcript file including text and three figures; Send comments to [email protected]

A business process modelling approach to improve OEM and supplier collaboration

Nowadays, Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) are facing fast changes in technological advancement. These changes encourage them to be more innovative and to offer their Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) quality products with ever shorter deadlines, which is not an easy task. This project (BENEFITS) aims to provide innovative solutions to keep the most exploitable SME’s skills within its local regions. This paper focuses on Business Process Modeling (BPM) and process interactions during the development phases of innovative products. Due to the specific needs and requirements in terms of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)-based solutions for SMEs and OEMs, this work explores the relationship between them and their suppliers, based on ICT technologies and focuses on SMEs adoption of PLM. Such relationship needs the Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN) for representing all tasks that must be done for the collaborative process planning. Two existing information models (NIST and PPRO) serve as an information model to investigate the way of implementing design processes in the context of PLM

Rosenfeld functional for non-additive hard spheres

The fundamental measure density functional theory for hard spheres is generalized to binary mixtures of arbitrary positive and moderate negative non-additivity between unlike components. In bulk the theory predicts fluid-fluid phase separation into phases with different chemical compositions. The location of the accompanying critical point agrees well with previous results from simulations over a broad range of non-additivities and both for symmetric and highly asymmetric size ratios. Results for partial pair correlation functions show good agreement with simulation data.Comment: 8 pages with 4 figure

Spatial Ecology and Habitat Selection of Montezuma Quail in Texas

Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) occur throughout desert mountain ranges in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Considered a popular game bird in Arizona and New Mexico, they are not hunted in Texas. A hunting season was proposed for the species in 1997 but met with strong objections, most citing the dearth of information about the species. Much of the literature on Montezuma quail ecology is anecdotal or outdated. Previous researchers had problems capturing birds for marking and, once captured, keeping radio-marked birds alive. We used trained pointing dogs and conducted a radiotelemetry study on Montezuma quail in the Davis Mountains of Texas from January 2009 through September 2010. We captured 72 birds and recorded 966 locations. Home ranges were calculated for 13 individuals which had at least 25 locations. A 95% fixed kernel was calculated on each individual giving a mean 6 SD home range of 2,149.4 6 4,736.8 ha. Movements varied widely by individuals and the greatest straight-line movement was 12.7 km. We also performed habitat selection analysis. Mountain savannah ecological sites were preferred across all 3 spatial scales. Our results confirm that home range size and movements by Montezuma quail occur at a much larger scale than previously reported. Thus, managing lands on a larger scale and targeting mountain savannah ecological sites should be considered

Mean Field Fluid Behavior of the Gaussian Core Model

We show that the Gaussian core model of particles interacting via a penetrable repulsive Gaussian potential, first considered by Stillinger (J. Chem. Phys. 65, 3968 (1976)), behaves like a weakly correlated ``mean field fluid'' over a surprisingly wide density and temperature range. In the bulk the structure of the fluid phase is accurately described by the random phase approximation for the direct correlation function, and by the more sophisticated HNC integral equation. The resulting pressure deviates very little from a simple, mean-field like, quadratic form in the density, while the low density virial expansion turns out to have an extremely small radius of convergence. Density profiles near a hard wall are also very accurately described by the corresponding mean-field free-energy functional. The binary version of the model exhibits a spinodal instability against de-mixing at high densities. Possible implications for semi-dilute polymer solutions are discussed.Comment: 13 pages, 2 columns, ReVTeX epsfig,multicol,amssym, 15 figures; submitted to Phys. Rev. E (change: important reference added

Towards supplier maturity evaluation in terms of PLM collaboration

The product lifecycle management (PLM) system has a significant role to support the collaboration and manage the partnership between OEM and Supplier to enable the success of supplier integration. Today great rates of co- operation as suppliers have been dedicated to SMEs. Since one of the PLM task is to control the collaboration between OEM and suppliers, this paper provide supplier (SMEs) a framework to find their place in this relationship in the concept of PLM. To respond to this trend, we defined a methodology based on collaborative matrix maturity levels and four PLM axes of strategic, organization, process and tools levels. Finally according to this ma- trix, we proposed a structure of a proper questionnaire and example that show suppliers how to evaluate their positions in terms of collaboration in PLM

Investigating the relation between striatal volume and IQ.

The volume of the input region of the basal ganglia, the striatum, is reduced with aging and in a number of conditions associated with cognitive impairment. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relation between the volume of striatum and general cognitive ability in a sample of 303 healthy children that were sampled to be representative of the population of the United States. Correlations between the WASI-IQ and the left striatum, composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen, were significant. When these data were analyzed separately for male and female children, positive correlations were significant for the left striatum in male children only. This brain structure-behavior relation further promotes the increasingly accepted view that the striatum is intimately involved in higher order cognitive functions. Our results also suggest that the importance of these brain regions in cognitive ability might differ for male and female children

Theory of asymmetric non-additive binary hard-sphere mixtures

We show that the formal procedure of integrating out the degrees of freedom of the small spheres in a binary hard-sphere mixture works equally well for non-additive as it does for additive mixtures. For highly asymmetric mixtures (small size ratios) the resulting effective Hamiltonian of the one-component fluid of big spheres, which consists of an infinite number of many-body interactions, should be accurately approximated by truncating after the term describing the effective pair interaction. Using a density functional treatment developed originally for additive hard-sphere mixtures we determine the zero, one, and two-body contribution to the effective Hamiltonian. We demonstrate that even small degrees of positive or negative non-additivity have significant effect on the shape of the depletion potential. The second virial coefficient $B_2$, corresponding to the effective pair interaction between two big spheres, is found to be a sensitive measure of the effects of non-additivity. The variation of $B_2$ with the density of the small spheres shows significantly different behavior for additive, slightly positive and slightly negative non-additive mixtures. We discuss the possible repercussions of these results for the phase behavior of binary hard-sphere mixtures and suggest that measurements of $B_2$ might provide a means of determining the degree of non-additivity in real colloidal mixtures

Effective d=2 supersymmetric Lagrangians from d=1 supermatrix models

We discuss $d=1, {\cal N}=2$ supersymmetric matrix models and exhibit the associated $d=2$ collective field theory in the limit of dense eigenvalues. From this theory we construct, by the addition of several new fields, a $d=2$ supersymmetric effective field theory, which reduces to the collective field theory when the new fields are replaced with their vacuum expectation values. This effective theory is Poincare invariant and contains perturbative and non-perturbative information about the associated superstrings. We exhibit instanton solutions corresponding to the motion of single eigenvalues and discuss their possible role in supersymmetry breaking.Comment: 59 pages. Contains 5 postscript figures included with epsf macro. Figures obtained upon request, preprint CERN-TH.7017/9