Investigating the role of ELN rs2071307 gene variant as a risk factor for Achilles Tendon Pathologies in a British Cohort

Injuries to the Achilles tendon (tendinopathies or ruptures) are considered as ones of the most severe musculoskeletal traumas in sports with an incidence rate of 50% in athletes and 10% in the general population. A number of gene variants coding for tendon structural proteins such as COL5A11 and FBN22 have previously been associated with Achilles tendon pathologies (ATP). These protein along with others maintain a harmonious interaction with elastin to allow tendons to respond to tensile load by stretching and returning to their original lengths. The ELN rs2071307 variant has been associated with soft tissue pathologies and is believed to be a good candidate gene as it results in the substitution of the hydrophobic amino acid glycine with the hydrophilic serine. However, in a previous study this variant was not associated with either Achilles tendinopathy or ACL rupture in populations from Australia and South Africa2. As recent evidence suggests that genetic risk factors for tendinopathy may depend, to some extent, on geographic location 3, the aim of this study was to determine whether the ELN rs2071307 variant was associated with the risk of ATP in a British cohort

Nuclear Physics Neutrino PreTown Meeting: Summary and Recommendations

In preparation for the nuclear physics Long Range Plan exercise, a group of 104 neutrino physicists met in Seattle September 21-23 to discuss both the present state of the field and the new opportunities of the next decade. This report summarizes the conclusions of that meeting and presents its recommendations. Further information is available at the workshop's web site. This report will be further reviewed at the upcoming Oakland Town Meeting.Comment: Latex, 31 pages. This version has been updated to include final Comments from the working group

Radicular cysts review

Radicular cyst is a pathologic cavity partially or completely lined by epithelium in an area of apical periodontitis that is the result of root canal infection of a tooth. The radicular cysts are presumably formed by inflammatory proliferation of epithelial cell rests of Malassez in the inflamed periapical tissues. Although several theories have been proposed as possible causes of cyst formation, the exact mechanism is still not clear. The prevalence of radicular cysts ranges from 15 to 20 % of all endodontic periapical osteolytic lesions. Histologically, radicular cysts can be categorized into pocket and true cyst. The radicular cyst appears as an osteolytic periapical radiolucent lesion around the apex of an endodontically involved tooth on conventional radiography and cone beam computed tomography. It is impossible to diagnose a radicular cyst clinically. The definitive diagnosis of a radicular cyst can only be made through histological examination of biopsy specimens. Therefore, all cyst-like periapical lesions associated with endodontically involved teeth should be initially treated with non-surgical root canal therapy. Because radicular cysts are caused by root canal infection, it is believed that pocket type of radicular cyst can be treated by conventional root canal therapy, however true type of radicular cysts may have to be managed surgically. Recurrence of radicular cysts is rare unless the root canal infection of a tooth persists because radicular cysts are not self sustaining lesion such as developmental or neoplastic cysts. The prognosis of radicular cysts is favorable after endodontic treatment