Gender Gap, Gender Trap: Negotiations of Intersectionality and Patriarchy amongst Women Elites in Nepal

Transformation is apparent in Nepal, a country that underwent a decade of civil war 1996-2006, abolished the monarchy to become a republic in 2007, agreed on a new constitution in 2015 and is currently struggling to implement federalism. Decentralisation and minority repre-sentation are being put on the political agenda alongside efforts to rebuild infrastructure dam-aged through two major earthquakes. Beyond this, Nepal appears to have developed into South Asia's beacon of gender equality. Since 2016 Nepal has had a woman president, a woman chief justice and a woman speaker of parliament. Implementing a quota of 33 per cent women in politics, women politicians now come from a great variety of backgrounds reflecting Nepal's ethnic, cultural, regional and educational diversity. This study takes the entry of 197 female members into the constituent assembly of Nepal in 2008 as a baseline to study the transforma-tion of "patriarchy" and its impact on the heterogeneous group of women politicians in high office in Nepal

Male offspring born to mildly ZIKV-infected mice are at risk of developing neurocognitive disorders in adulthood

Congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) syndrome may cause fetal microcephaly in -1% of affected newborns. Here, we investigate whether the majority of clinically inapparent newborns might suffer from long-term health impairments not readily visible at birth. Infection of immunocompetent pregnant mice with high-dose ZIKV caused severe offspring phenotypes, such as fetal death, as expected. By contrast, low-dose (LD) maternal ZIKV infection resulted in reduced fetal birth weight but no other obvious phenotypes. Male offspring born to LD ZIKV-infected mothers had increased testosterone (TST) levels and were less likely to survive in utero infection compared to their female littermates. Males also presented an increased number of immature neurons in apical and basal hippocampal dendrites, while female offspring had immature neurons in basal dendrites only. Moreover, male offspring with high but not very high (storm) TST levels were more likely to suffer from learning and memory impairments compared to females. Future studies are required to understand the impact of TST on neuropathological and neurocognitive impairments in later life. In summary, increased sex-specific vigilance is required in countries with high ZIKV prevalence, where impaired neurodevelopment may be camouflaged by a healthy appearance at birth.Peer reviewe

Treating nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder with dronabinol: study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled study (THC PTSD-trial)

Abstract Background Distressing nightmares are a core symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and contribute to psychiatric comorbidity, impaired physical health and decreased social functioning. No specific pharmacological treatment for PTSD-related nightmares is yet approved. Preliminary clinical data indicate that cannabinoid agonists can improve nightmares and overall PTSD symptoms in patients with PTSD. The primary objective of the study is to examine the efficacy of oral dronabinol (BX-1) versus placebo in reducing nightmares in patients with PTSD. The secondary objectives of the study are to examine the efficacy of oral BX-1 in reducing other PTSD symptoms. Methods The study is designed as a multi-centric, double-blind, randomized (1:1), placebo-controlled, parallel group interventional trial. Eligible patients will be randomized to BX-1 or placebo, receiving a once-daily oral dose before bedtime for 10 weeks. Primary efficacy endpoint is the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-IV) B2 score for the last week, measuring frequency and intensity of nightmares. Secondary efficacy endpoints are other disorder-specific symptoms in patients with PTSD. Further, tolerability and safety of dronabinol will be assessed. Discussion This randomized controlled trial will provide evidence whether treating patients with PTSD and nightmares with dronabinol is safe and efficacious. Trial registration NCT04448808, EudraCT 2019–002211-25

Collecting Loss

Wer sich mit "Identität" und "Erbe" befasst, also mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen der Konstituierung und Stabilität von Gemeinwesen und dem Bewahren von Gütern, Orten und Überlieferungen, kommt nicht umhin, sich auch mit Verlusten zu befassen. Verlust bezeichnet hier nicht die Abwesenheit eines Gutes, das Erbe war oder hätte werden können, sondern die soziale Beziehung zu dem verlorenen Gut und zu den Umständen seines Verlorengehens oder auch den Versuchen, es wiederzugewinnen

Number of RRMS patients who initiated a DMD since 2 years before baseline, treatment exposure time, number of relapses, number of patients experiencing a relapse and annualized relapse rate (ARR).

<p>Only DMDs used in at least 10 SMSC patients and with at least 1 year of mean follow-up are shown.</p

Baseline characteristics of recruited individuals stratified by diagnosis at baseline.

<p>Baseline characteristics of recruited individuals stratified by diagnosis at baseline.</p

Number and percentage of patients under MS specific DMDs at baseline.

<p>Number and percentage of patients under MS specific DMDs at baseline.</p

Distribution of age at baseline of all SMSC patients coloured by gender.

<p>Distribution of age at baseline of all SMSC patients coloured by gender.</p

Boxplots of age at first symptom in CIS, RRMS-SPMS (combined) and PPMS patients, together with age at onset of progression in SPMS patients.

<p>Boxplots of age at first symptom in CIS, RRMS-SPMS (combined) and PPMS patients, together with age at onset of progression in SPMS patients.</p

Boxplots of change in EDSS between baseline and most recent visit stratified by disease course at most recent visit and presence of relapses between baseline and most recent visit.

<p>Only patients with at least two study visits are included.</p