Significance of Cuscutain, a cysteine protease from Cuscuta reflexa, in host-parasite interactions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Plant infestation with parasitic weeds like <it>Cuscuta reflexa </it>induces morphological as well as biochemical changes in the host and the parasite. These modifications could be caused by a change in protein or gene activity. Using a comparative macroarray approach <it>Cuscuta </it>genes specifically upregulated at the host attachment site were identified.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>One of the infestation specific <it>Cuscuta </it>genes encodes a cysteine protease. The protein and its intrinsic inhibitory peptide were heterologously expressed, purified and biochemically characterized. The haustoria specific enzyme was named cuscutain in accordance with similar proteins from other plants, e.g. papaya. The role of cuscutain and its inhibitor during the host parasite interaction was studied by external application of an inhibitor suspension, which induced a significant reduction of successful infection events.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The study provides new information about molecular events during the parasitic plant - host interaction. Inhibition of cuscutain cysteine proteinase could provide means for antagonizing parasitic plants.</p

Análise comparativa de cortes de encéfalos humanos com coloração por três técnicas diferentes Comparative analysis of human brain slices with three different staining techniques

O estudo anatômico do encéfalo em cortes é facilitado empregando-se métodos de coloração para substância cinzenta. Os métodos mais freqüentemente empregados são os de Barnard, Robert e Brown, Mulligan e Green. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar qual dessas técnicas apresenta melhores resultados com relação à diferenciação entre substâncias branca e cinzenta. Trinta cortes coronais de hemisfério cerebral humano foram submetidos às três técnicas, comparados entre si e analisados de acordo com três parâmetros estabelecidos: grau de diferenciação entre as substâncias branca e cinzenta; presença de linha única e contínua separando a substância branca do córtex cerebral; grau de impregnação da coloração em outros locais de substância branca. Atribuíram-se pontuações de 0 a 3 conforme a presença destes parâmetros, cada corte recebendo pontuação total que variava de 0 a 9. Após análise estatística, a técnica de Barnard, Robert e Brown apresentou média 8,33; a de Green 7,93 e a de Mulligan, 7,5, com diferença estatisticamente significativa.<br>Studing neuroanatomy at brain slices with gray matter staining techniques has several advantages. More often, the models described by Barnard, Robert and Brown, Mulligan, and Green are used. The aim of this study was to identify which of them achieves the best results on differentiation between the gray and the white matter. Thirty coronal slices of human brains underwent staining by the three techniques, and thus compared and analysed according this three parameters: degree of differentiation between white and gray matter, presence of a single and uninterrupted line dividing the white matter from the brain cortex; and degree of impregnation of the color staining in the white matter; scores from 0 to 3 have been given for the three parameters, with total score from 0 to 9. After statistic analysis, the Barnard, Robert and Brown model showed the best results, followed by Green's and Mulligan's