Lung Cancer Stem Cell: New Insights on Experimental Models and Preclinical Data

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. Understanding lung tumors physiopathology should provide opportunity to prevent tumor development or/and improve their therapeutic management. Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory refers to a subpopulation of cancer cells, also named tumor-initiating cells, that can drive cancer development. Cells presenting these characteristics have been identified and isolated from lung cancer. Exploring cell markers and signaling pathways specific to lung CSCs may lead to progress in therapy and improve the prognosis of patients with lung cancer. Continuous efforts in developing in vitro and in vivo models may yield reliable tools to better understand CSC abilities and to test new therapeutic targets. Preclinical data on putative CSC targets are emerging by now. These preliminary studies are critical for the next generation of lung cancer therapies

Erdafitinib in BCG-treated high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society for Medical Oncology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Background: Treatment options are limited for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with disease recurrence after bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) treatment and who are ineligible for/refuse radical cystectomy. FGFR alterations are commonly detected in NMIBC. We evaluated the activity of oral erdafitinib, a selective pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, versus intravesical chemotherapy in patients with high-risk NMIBC and select FGFR3/2 alterations following recurrence after BCG treatment. Patients and methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with recurrent, BCG-treated, papillary-only high-risk NMIBC (high-grade Ta/T1) and select FGFR alterations refusing or ineligible for radical cystectomy were randomized to 6 mg daily oral erdafitinib or investigator's choice of intravesical chemotherapy (mitomycin C or gemcitabine). The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). The key secondary endpoint was safety. Results: Study enrollment was discontinued due to slow accrual. Seventy-three patients were randomized 2: 1 to erdafitinib (n = 49) and chemotherapy (n = 24). Median follow-up for RFS was 13.4 months for both groups. Median RFS was not reached for erdafitinib [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.9 months-not estimable] and was 11.6 months (95% CI 6.4-20.1 months) for chemotherapy, with an estimated hazard ratio of 0.28 (95% CI 0.1-0.6; nominal P value = 0.0008). In this population, safety results were generally consistent with known profiles for erdafitinib and chemotherapy. Conclusions: Erdafitinib prolonged RFS compared with intravesical chemotherapy in patients with papillary-only, high-risk NMIBC harboring FGFR alterations who had disease recurrence after BCG therapy and refused or were ineligible for radical cystectomy.Peer reviewe

New prognostic model in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with second-line immune checkpoint inhibitors

Background: Bellmunt Risk Score, based on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS), hemoglobin levels and presence of liver metastases, is the most established prognostic algorithm for patients with advanced urothelial cancer (aUC) progressing after platinum-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, existing algorithms may not be sufficient following the introduction of immunotherapy. Our aim was to develop an improved prognostic model in patients receiving second-line atezolizumab for aUC. Methods: Patients with aUC progressing after cisplatin/carboplatin-based chemotherapy and enrolled in the prospective, single-arm, phase IIIb SAUL study were included in this analysis. Patients were treated with 3-weekly atezolizumab 1200 mg intravenously. The development and internal validation of a prognostic model for overall survival (OS) was performed using Cox regression analyses, bootstrapping methods and calibration. Results: In 936 patients, ECOG PS, alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, liver metastases, bone metastases and time from last chemotherapy were identified as independent prognostic factors. In a 4-tier model, median OS for patients with 0–1, 2, 3–4 and 5–7 risk factors was 18.6, 10.4, 4.8 and 2.1 months, respectively. Compared with Bellmunt Risk Score, this model provided enhanced prognostic separation, with a c-index of 0.725 vs 0.685 and increment in c-statistic of 0.04 (p<0.001). Inclusion of PD-L1 expression did not improve the model. Conclusions: We developed and internally validated a prognostic model for patients with aUC receiving postplatinum immunotherapy. This model represents an improvement over the Bellmunt algorithm and could aid selection of patients with aUC for second-line immunotherapy. Trial registration number: NCT02928406

Durvalumab alone and durvalumab plus tremelimumab versus chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (DANUBE):a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial

Background: Survival outcomes are poor for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who receive standard, first-line, platinum-based chemotherapy. We assessed the overall survival of patients who received durvalumab (a PD-L1 inhibitor), with or without tremelimumab (a CTLA-4 inhibitor), as a first-line treatment for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Methods: DANUBE is an open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial in patients with untreated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, conducted at 224 academic research centres, hospitals, and oncology clinics in 23 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1. We randomly assigned patients (1:1:1) to receive durvalumab monotherapy (1500 mg) administered intravenously every 4 weeks; durvalumab (1500 mg) plus tremelimumab (75 mg) administered intravenously every 4 weeks for up to four doses, followed by durvalumab maintenance (1500 mg) every 4 weeks; or standard-of-care chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus cisplatin or gemcitabine plus carboplatin, depending on cisplatin eligibility) administered intravenously for up to six cycles. Randomisation was done through an interactive voice–web response system, with stratification by cisplatin eligibility, PD-L1 status, and presence or absence of liver metastases, lung metastases, or both. The coprimary endpoints were overall survival compared between the durvalumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy groups in the population of patients with high PD-L1 expression (the high PD-L1 population) and between the durvalumab plus tremelimumab versus chemotherapy groups in the intention-to-treat population (all randomly assigned patients). The study has completed enrolment and the final analysis of overall survival is reported. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02516241, and the EU Clinical Trials Register, EudraCT number 2015-001633-24. Findings: Between Nov 24, 2015, and March 21, 2017, we randomly assigned 1032 patients to receive durvalumab (n=346), durvalumab plus tremelimumab (n=342), or chemotherapy (n=344). At data cutoff (Jan 27, 2020), median follow-up for survival was 41·2 months (IQR 37·9–43·2) for all patients. In the high PD-L1 population, median overall survival was 14·4 months (95% CI 10·4–17·3) in the durvalumab monotherapy group (n=209) versus 12·1 months (10·4–15·0) in the chemotherapy group (n=207; hazard ratio 0·89, 95% CI 0·71–1·11; p=0·30). In the intention-to-treat population, median overall survival was 15·1 months (13·1–18·0) in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group versus 12·1 months (10·9–14·0) in the chemotherapy group (0·85, 95% CI 0·72–1·02; p=0·075). In the safety population, grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 47 (14%) of 345 patients in the durvalumab group, 93 (27%) of 340 patients in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group, and in 188 (60%) of 313 patients in the chemotherapy group. The most common grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse event was increased lipase in the durvalumab group (seven [2%] of 345 patients) and in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group (16 [5%] of 340 patients), and neutropenia in the chemotherapy group (66 [21%] of 313 patients). Serious treatment-related adverse events occurred in 30 (9%) of 345 patients in the durvalumab group, 78 (23%) of 340 patients in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group, and 50 (16%) of 313 patients in the chemotherapy group. Deaths due to study drug toxicity were reported in two (1%) patients in the durvalumab group (acute hepatic failure and hepatitis), two (1%) patients in the durvalumab plus tremelimumab group (septic shock and pneumonitis), and one (<1%) patient in the chemotherapy group (acute kidney injury). Interpretation: This study did not meet either of its coprimary endpoints. Further research to identify the patients with previously untreated metastatic urothelial carcinoma who benefit from treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, either alone or in combination regimens, is warranted. Funding: AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of atezolizumab in patients with autoimmune disease: subgroup analysis of the SAUL study in locally advanced/metastatic urinary tract carcinoma

Aim Patients with pre-existing autoimmune disease (AID) are typically excluded from clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and there are limited data on outcomes in this population. The single-arm international SAUL study of atezolizumab enrolled a broader ‘real-world’ patient population. We present outcomes in patients with a history of AID. Methods Patients with locally advanced/metastatic urinary tract carcinoma received atezolizumab 1200 mg every 3 weeks until loss of clinical benefit or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end-point was safety. Overall survival (OS) was a secondary end-point. Subgroup analyses of AID patients were prespecified. Results Thirty-five of 997 treated patients had AID at baseline, most commonly psoriasis ( n = 15). Compared with non-AID patients, AID patients experienced numerically more adverse events (AEs) of special interest (46% versus 30%; grade ≥3 14% versus 6%) and treatment-related grade 3/4 AEs (26% versus 12%), but without relevant increases in treatment-related deaths (0% versus 1%) or AEs necessitating treatment discontinuation (9% versus 6%). Pre-existing AID worsened in four patients (11%; two flares in two patients); three of the six flares resolved, one was resolving, and two were unresolved. Efficacy was similar in AID and non-AID patients (median OS, 8.2 versus 8.8 months, respectively; median progression-free survival, 4.4 versus 2.2 months; disease control rate, 51% versus 39%). Conclusions In 35 atezolizumab-treated patients with pre-existing AID, incidences of special- interest and treatment-related AEs appeared acceptable. AEs were manageable, rarely requiring atezolizumab discontinuation. Treating these patients requires caution, but pre-existing AID does not preclude atezolizumab therapy

The Molecular Tumor Board Portal supports clinical decisions and automated reporting for precision oncology.

There is a growing need for systems that efficiently support the work of medical teams at the precision-oncology point of care. Here, we present the implementation of the Molecular Tumor Board Portal (MTBP), an academic clinical decision support system developed under the umbrella of Cancer Core Europe that creates a unified legal, scientific and technological platform to share and harness next-generation sequencing data. Automating the interpretation and reporting of sequencing results decrease the need for time-consuming manual procedures that are prone to errors. The adoption of an expert-agreed process to systematically link tumor molecular profiles with clinical actions promotes consistent decision-making and structured data capture across the connected centers. The use of information-rich patient reports with interactive content facilitates collaborative discussion of complex cases during virtual molecular tumor board meetings. Overall, streamlined digital systems like the MTBP are crucial to better address the challenges brought by precision oncology and accelerate the use of emerging biomarkers

Influence de l’inhibition des signaux de survie et radiosensibilisation des cancers pulmonaires

Targeted therapies are drugs that block a specific molecular target involved in following alterations in cell physiology: growth signal self-sufficiency, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, an unlimited replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and metastasis. Although these compounds showed efficacy when given alone, there is now a rationale to combine these agents with other antitumor therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. In this context, there is compelling data supporting the association between targeted therapies and radiation. The better understanding of mechanisms of sensitivity or resistance to radiation may help to envision new strategies to improve its efficacy. The primary goal of this work was to assess new strategies of radiosensitization based on molecular characteristics of both small cell lung cancer (by targeting Bcl-2 and Bcl- XL proteins as well as IGF-I pathway) and non-small cell lung cancer (by targeting EGFR pathway). The second objective was also to assess new methods to better investigate combination of radiation with new targeted therapies. In the first part of the work, we evaluated the impact of the inhibition of BCL-2 in small cell lung cancer cell lines with oblimersen, an antisense BCL-2 oligodeoxynucleotide and with a small peptide BH3 mimetic, S44563 which targets both Bcl-2 and Bcl- XL proteins. We showed that inhibiting anti-apoptotic mechanisms could enhance radiosensitivity of SCLC cells. S44563 caused SCLC cells to acquire hallmarks of apoptosis through activation of the mitochondrial pathway in Bcl2 and Bcl- XL overexpressing cell lines. S44563 markedly enhanced the sensitivity of SCLC cells to radiation in both in vitro and in vivo assays through apoptosis induction. This positive interaction was explained by the induction of radiation-induced anti-apopototic proteins, mainly Bcl- XL by the NF-κB pathway. These data were confirmed by in vivo experiments showing that the radiosensitization was greater when S44563 was given after the completion of the radiation in the context of radiation-induced oncogenic addiction. In the second part of the work, we showed that IGF-1R targeting increases the antitumor effects of DNA-damaging agents in SCLC model. R1507 (a monoclonal antibody directed against IGF-1R), exhibited synergistic effects with both cisplatin and IR in SCLC cell lines through IGF-IR downregulation and reduced activation of downstream AKT. However, we observed a transient reduction of IGF-1R staining intensity in vivo, concomitant to the activation of multiple cell surface receptors and intracellular proteins involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, and survival. These data underscore the challenge of the combination of concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy and support the early use of targeted therapies to improve the antitumor efficacy.Les thérapies ciblées sont des agents dont le but est d’inhiber une voie oncogénique spécifiquement activée dans une tumeur. Ces thérapies peuvent donc cibler l’angiogenèse tumorale, les voies de signalisation cellulaire, la prolifération infinie, l’anti-apoptose ou le pouvoir métastatique. Outre leur effet en monothérapie, leur intérêt repose également sur leur combinaison avec les traitements standards, chimiothérapie, radiothérapie ou même chirurgie. Dans ce contexte, l’association des thérapies ciblées et de la radiothérapie paraît séduisante. En effet, les mécanismes qui sous-tendent la sensibilité ou la résistance à une irradiation sont maintenant mieux connus et permettent d’envisager des manipulations thérapeutiques afin d’améliorer encore les résultats d’une radiothérapie ou d’une radiochimiothérapie. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’exploiter les données d’histologie moléculaires des carcinomes pulmonaires pour évaluer de nouvelles approches de radiosensibilisation basée sur l’inhibition de signaux de survie en ciblant les protéines Bcl-2 et Bcl-XL et la voie IGF-1 dans les carcinomes à petites cellules (CPC) et en ciblant la voie EGFR dans les carcinomes non à petites cellules du poumon (CPNPC). L’un des objectifs était également d’intégrer une méthodologie de combinaison plus précise compte-tenu des discordances très fréquemment observées entre les effets pré-cliniques d’une association et les résultats des études cliniques de la même combinaison. Dans une première partie, nous avons cherché à inhiber les mécanismes antitapoptotiques mis en jeu dans les CPC au moyen de deux nouvelles classes de thérapies ciblées : un oligonucléotide antisens ciblant l’ARNm du gène BCL2 (oblimersen) et un « BH3 mimetic » inhibiteur des protéines Bcl-2/Bcl-XL (S44563). Nous avons démontré dans ces deux études l’intérêt du ciblage de « l’anti-apoptose » pour radiosensibliser les lignées de CPC. En utilisant le S44563, un « BH3 mimetic » qui induit une apoptose via la voie mitochondriale dans les lignées qui surexpriment les cibles à savoir Bcl-2 et Bcl-XL,, nous avons montré que l’inhibition de Bcl-2 et Bcl-XL permettait d’induire une radiosensibilisation par induction de l’apoptose. Le mécanisme d’interaction reposait probablement par une induction de l’expression des protéines anti-apoptotiques, en particulier Bcl- XL à la suite d’une irradiation via l’activation de la voie NF-κB. Ceci est confirmé par les études de séquence montrant que l’administration pendant et après l’administration de la radiothérapie est plus efficace réalisant ainsi une chimiosensibilisation sous l’effet d’une irradiation rendant les cellules tumorales plus dépendantes (concept d’addiction oncogénique contextuelle) aux mécanismes de résistance à l’apoptose. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons également montré que l’inhibition d’une voie de signalisation cellulaire (la voie IGF-1) permettait également d’obtenir une radiosensibilisation tumorale validant ainsi l’intérêt de ces combinaisons. En particulier, L’anticorps monoclonal ciblant IGF-1R, le R1507 augmente l’efficacité du cisplatine et au final améliore l’efficacité de la radio-chimiothérapie dans plusieurs lignées de CPC via la diminution de l’expression de IGF-1R avec pour conséquence une diminution de l’activation de ses effecteurs, en particulier AKT, indiquant que le R1507 augmente la radiosensibilité en supprimant l’activation de IGF-1R secondaire à l’irradiation. Cependant, nous avons montré par différentes approches d’étude du transcriptome que les cellules tumorales traitées par le R1507 pendant 4 semaines s’adaptaient en ré-exprimant IGF-1R, en activant p-IRS1 et en activant différentes voies oncogéniques telles que l’angiogenèse ou d’autres voies de signalisation cellulaire. Ces résultats suggèrent donc les limites d’un schéma adapté chez l’homme lors d’une radio-chimiothérapie concomitante et plaident pour une association précoce à d’autres thérapies ciblées

Impact of targeting cell survival signaling and radiosensitization of lung cancer

Les thérapies ciblées sont des agents dont le but est d’inhiber une voie oncogénique spécifiquement activée dans une tumeur. Ces thérapies peuvent donc cibler l’angiogenèse tumorale, les voies de signalisation cellulaire, la prolifération infinie, l’anti-apoptose ou le pouvoir métastatique. Outre leur effet en monothérapie, leur intérêt repose également sur leur combinaison avec les traitements standards, chimiothérapie, radiothérapie ou même chirurgie. Dans ce contexte, l’association des thérapies ciblées et de la radiothérapie paraît séduisante. En effet, les mécanismes qui sous-tendent la sensibilité ou la résistance à une irradiation sont maintenant mieux connus et permettent d’envisager des manipulations thérapeutiques afin d’améliorer encore les résultats d’une radiothérapie ou d’une radiochimiothérapie. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’exploiter les données d’histologie moléculaires des carcinomes pulmonaires pour évaluer de nouvelles approches de radiosensibilisation basée sur l’inhibition de signaux de survie en ciblant les protéines Bcl-2 et Bcl-XL et la voie IGF-1 dans les carcinomes à petites cellules (CPC) et en ciblant la voie EGFR dans les carcinomes non à petites cellules du poumon (CPNPC). L’un des objectifs était également d’intégrer une méthodologie de combinaison plus précise compte-tenu des discordances très fréquemment observées entre les effets pré-cliniques d’une association et les résultats des études cliniques de la même combinaison. Dans une première partie, nous avons cherché à inhiber les mécanismes antitapoptotiques mis en jeu dans les CPC au moyen de deux nouvelles classes de thérapies ciblées : un oligonucléotide antisens ciblant l’ARNm du gène BCL2 (oblimersen) et un « BH3 mimetic » inhibiteur des protéines Bcl-2/Bcl-XL (S44563). Nous avons démontré dans ces deux études l’intérêt du ciblage de « l’anti-apoptose » pour radiosensibliser les lignées de CPC. En utilisant le S44563, un « BH3 mimetic » qui induit une apoptose via la voie mitochondriale dans les lignées qui surexpriment les cibles à savoir Bcl-2 et Bcl-XL,, nous avons montré que l’inhibition de Bcl-2 et Bcl-XL permettait d’induire une radiosensibilisation par induction de l’apoptose. Le mécanisme d’interaction reposait probablement par une induction de l’expression des protéines anti-apoptotiques, en particulier Bcl- XL à la suite d’une irradiation via l’activation de la voie NF-κB. Ceci est confirmé par les études de séquence montrant que l’administration pendant et après l’administration de la radiothérapie est plus efficace réalisant ainsi une chimiosensibilisation sous l’effet d’une irradiation rendant les cellules tumorales plus dépendantes (concept d’addiction oncogénique contextuelle) aux mécanismes de résistance à l’apoptose. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons également montré que l’inhibition d’une voie de signalisation cellulaire (la voie IGF-1) permettait également d’obtenir une radiosensibilisation tumorale validant ainsi l’intérêt de ces combinaisons. En particulier, L’anticorps monoclonal ciblant IGF-1R, le R1507 augmente l’efficacité du cisplatine et au final améliore l’efficacité de la radio-chimiothérapie dans plusieurs lignées de CPC via la diminution de l’expression de IGF-1R avec pour conséquence une diminution de l’activation de ses effecteurs, en particulier AKT, indiquant que le R1507 augmente la radiosensibilité en supprimant l’activation de IGF-1R secondaire à l’irradiation. Cependant, nous avons montré par différentes approches d’étude du transcriptome que les cellules tumorales traitées par le R1507 pendant 4 semaines s’adaptaient en ré-exprimant IGF-1R, en activant p-IRS1 et en activant différentes voies oncogéniques telles que l’angiogenèse ou d’autres voies de signalisation cellulaire. Ces résultats suggèrent donc les limites d’un schéma adapté chez l’homme lors d’une radio-chimiothérapie concomitante et plaident pour une association précoce à d’autres thérapies ciblées.Targeted therapies are drugs that block a specific molecular target involved in following alterations in cell physiology: growth signal self-sufficiency, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, an unlimited replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and metastasis. Although these compounds showed efficacy when given alone, there is now a rationale to combine these agents with other antitumor therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. In this context, there is compelling data supporting the association between targeted therapies and radiation. The better understanding of mechanisms of sensitivity or resistance to radiation may help to envision new strategies to improve its efficacy. The primary goal of this work was to assess new strategies of radiosensitization based on molecular characteristics of both small cell lung cancer (by targeting Bcl-2 and Bcl- XL proteins as well as IGF-I pathway) and non-small cell lung cancer (by targeting EGFR pathway). The second objective was also to assess new methods to better investigate combination of radiation with new targeted therapies. In the first part of the work, we evaluated the impact of the inhibition of BCL-2 in small cell lung cancer cell lines with oblimersen, an antisense BCL-2 oligodeoxynucleotide and with a small peptide BH3 mimetic, S44563 which targets both Bcl-2 and Bcl- XL proteins. We showed that inhibiting anti-apoptotic mechanisms could enhance radiosensitivity of SCLC cells. S44563 caused SCLC cells to acquire hallmarks of apoptosis through activation of the mitochondrial pathway in Bcl2 and Bcl- XL overexpressing cell lines. S44563 markedly enhanced the sensitivity of SCLC cells to radiation in both in vitro and in vivo assays through apoptosis induction. This positive interaction was explained by the induction of radiation-induced anti-apopototic proteins, mainly Bcl- XL by the NF-κB pathway. These data were confirmed by in vivo experiments showing that the radiosensitization was greater when S44563 was given after the completion of the radiation in the context of radiation-induced oncogenic addiction. In the second part of the work, we showed that IGF-1R targeting increases the antitumor effects of DNA-damaging agents in SCLC model. R1507 (a monoclonal antibody directed against IGF-1R), exhibited synergistic effects with both cisplatin and IR in SCLC cell lines through IGF-IR downregulation and reduced activation of downstream AKT. However, we observed a transient reduction of IGF-1R staining intensity in vivo, concomitant to the activation of multiple cell surface receptors and intracellular proteins involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, and survival. These data underscore the challenge of the combination of concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy and support the early use of targeted therapies to improve the antitumor efficacy

Lymphadenectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review

Background: The role of lymphonodal dissection during surgery for a tumor of the urinary tract remains controversial. Objective: To analyze anatomical bases of lymphonodal dissection in tumors of the upper urinary tract and analyze its impact on survival, recurrence, and staging. Acquisition of data: A web-based search for scientific articles using Medline/Pubmed was carried out to identify and analyze articles on the practice and the role of lymphonodal dissection in this indication. Data Synthesis: The lymphatic drainage of the upper urinary tract has rarely been studied and is poorly understood. The lymphonodal metastatic extension is the most common extension in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Lymphnode invasion is a clear independent poor prognostic factor. Therefore, it seems legitimate to offer an extended lymphonodal dissection to patients undergoing surgery to cure these tumors. When lymphnodes dissection respects clear anatomical principles based on the location of the primary tumor and its extension, it improves both survival and recurrence rates. This result could be secondary to the treatment of subclinical metastatic disease. Conclusion: An extended lymphadenectomy during surgery for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma following strict anatomical pattern improves staging with a highly probable therapeutic benefit