Ovisnost količine lignana, dobivene in vitro fermentacijom, o udjelu neškrobnih polisaharida u žitaricama

Recently special attention has been paid to dietary fibre-associated phytoestrogens such as plant lignans, which are related to the prevention of different hormone-dependent diseases. Therefore, phytoestrogens associated with dietary fibre and their metabolites are of interest for investigation. The aim of this work is to investigate the formation of enterolignans: enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) from their precursors by the action of intestinal microflora and their relationship with non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in various cereal products from wheat, rye, barley and oats. For the investigation of the bioconversion of plant lignans, a technique of in vitro fermentation was used and the quantitative analysis of their metabolites ENL and END was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with coulometric electrode array detection. The enterolignan formation in various cereal products ranged from 78.3 to 321.9 nmol/g depending on the product type: END from 8.7 to 149.3 nmol/g and ENL from 64.4 to 278.3 nmol/g. The lignan production in bran was about two times higher than that in whole flour of the same kind of cereals. Close correlations were found between the total NSP content and the total amount of enterolignans and ENL; between pentoses and the total amount of enterolignans and ENL; between arabinose or xylose and ENL; and between galactose and END values. Considering the correlations between hexoses and END as well as between pentoses and ENL found in cereals, it can be assumed that pentoses are closely related to the quantities of plant lignans in cereal products and their conversion to enterolignans.U posljednje se vrijeme sve više pozornosti posvećuje istraživanju lignana, tj. prehrambenih biljnih vlakana bogatih fitoestrogenima, koja sprečavaju razvoj različitih bolesti uzrokovanih hormonskim poremećajem. U radu su istraženi fitoestrogeni iz prehrambenih biljnih vlakana te njihovi derivati. Svrha je rada bila utvrditi ovisnost količine enterolignana, nastalih iz njihovih prekurzora pod utjecajem crijevne mikroflore, i to enterolaktona i enterodiola, o udjelu neškrobnih polisaharida u različitim žitaricama (pšenica, raž, ječam i zob). Pritom je provedena in vitro fermentacija žitarica, a nastali enterolaktoni i enterodioli kvantitativno su određeni pomoću visokodjelotvorne tekućinske kromatografije (HPLC) s kulometrijskim detektorom. Količina se lignana u raznim proizvodima od žitarica razlikovala od 78,3 do 321,9 nmol/g, i to od 8,7 do 149,3 nmol/g enterodiola i od 64,4 do 278,3 nmol/g enterolignana. Utvrđeno je da je količina lignana u mekinjama dvaput veća od one u integralnom brašnu. Ustanovljena je neposredna ovisnost udjela neškrobnih polisaharida o količini enterolignana i enterolaktona, zatim udjela pentoza o količini enterolignana i enterolaktona, udjela arabinoze ili ksiloze o količini enterolaktona, te udjela galaktoze o količini enterodiola. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da količina lignana u proizvodima od žitarica ovisi o udjelu pentoza i njihovoj konverziji u enterolignane

Non-alcoholic beverages from fermented cereals with increased oligosaccharide content

The aim of this study is to develop a new technology for making traditional Lithuanian non-alcoholic beverage kvass from fermented cereals by extending the spectrum of raw materials (extruded rye) and applying new biotechnological resources (xylanolytic enzymes and lactic acid bacteria (LAB)) to improve its functional properties. Arabinoxylans in extruded rye were very efficiently hydrolysed into oligosaccharides by xylanolytic complex Ceremix Plus MG. Using Ceremix Plus MG and LAB fermentation, the yield of arabinoxylooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides in beverage was increased to 300 and 1100 mg/L, respectively. Beverages fermented by LAB had lower pH values and ethanol volume fraction compared to the yeast fermented beverage. The acceptability of the beverage fermented by Lactobacillus sakei was higher than of Pediococcus pentosaceus- or yeast-fermented beverages and similar to the acceptability of commercial kvass made from malt extract. The results showed that extruded rye, xylanolytic enzymes and LAB can be used for production of novel and safe high-value non-alcoholic beverages.Peer reviewe

Primjena sjemenki sikavice (Silybum marianum L.), fermentiranih na čvrstom supstratu, u proizvodnji bijelog kruha veće hranjive vrijednosti

In the present study Silybum marianum L. seeds were fermented using solid-state fermentation (SSF) with several lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus genera, isolated from spontaneously fermented Lithuanian rye sourdough. A possibility to improve sensory properties (flavour) of Silybum marianum L. seeds using LAB fermentation was investigated. The composition of volatile compounds of the unfermented and LAB-fermented seeds of this plant was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fermented seeds have shown considerable differences mainly due to the accumulation of higher alcohols. Total amount of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of unfermented and fermented seeds were determined spectrophotometrically. The obtained results indicate that Silybum marianum L. seeds are a valuable source of bioactive compounds. The highest content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids (4596 and 1346 mg of rutin equivalents (RE) per 100 g, respectively) was determined in the seeds fermented with Pediococcus acidilactici KTU05-7 bacteria in solid-state fermentation. Silybum marianum L. seeds fermented with P. acidilactici KTU05-7 and Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-9 showed stronger antioxidant activity (1263 and 1041 mg of RE per 100 g, respectively), compared to the unfermented seeds (805 mg of RE per 100 g). The addition of Silybum marianum L. seeds fermented with P. acidilactici KTU05-7 bacteria had the highest effect on the decrease of the bacterial spoilage of bread. The aroma compounds from the fermented seeds extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. Ultrasonic pretreatment of the seeds reduced the total amount of microorganisms in the raw material. Microbiological tests revealed that the highest antimicrobial effect was achieved using the solid-state fermentation conditions. This study revealed that fermented Silybum marianum L. seeds are a suitable additive for natural flavouring of baked goods.U ovom su radu za fermentaciju sjemenki sikavice (Silybum marianum L.) na čvrstom supstratu upotrijebljene bakterije mliječno-kiselog vrenja, rodova Lactobacillus i Pediococcus, izolirane iz litavskog kiselog tijesta od raženog brašna. Ispitan je utjecaj fermentacije na okus sjemenki sikavice. Plinskom kromatografijom i masenom spektrometrijom analizirani su hlapljivi sastojci fermentiranih i nefermentiranih sjemenki. U fermentiranim je sjemenkama pronađena znatno veća količina viših alkohola od one u nefermentiranim. Udjeli ukupnih fenola i flavonoida te sposobnost uklanjanja radikala DPPH fermentiranih i nefermentiranih sjemenki utvrđeni su spektrofotometrijski, a dobiveni su rezultati potvrdili da su sjemenke sikavice bogate biološki aktivnim spojevima. Najveći je udjel (izražen kao ekvivalent rutina) fenola (4596 mg u 100 g) i flavonoida (1346 mg u 100 g) pronađen u sjemenkama fermentiranim s pomoću soja Pediococcus acidilactici KTU05-7 na čvrstom supstratu. Sjemenke fermentirane s pomoću sojeva P. acidilactici KTU05-7 i Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-9 imale su veću antioksidativnu aktivnost (1263 odnosno 1041 mg u 100 g), u usporedbi s nefermentiranim sjemenkama (808 mg u 100 g). Kvarenje je kruha najviše usporeno dodatkom sjemenki sikavice fermentiranih s pomoću soja P. acidilactici KTU05-7. Sastojci su arome, ekstrahirani iz fermentiranih sjemenki pomoću superkritičnog ugljikovog dioksida, imali najveću antimikrobnu aktivnost. Ultrazvučnim tretiranjem sjemenki prije fermentacije smanjen je ukupan broj mikroorganizama u sirovini. Mikrobiološki su testovi pokazali da je najveća antimikrobna aktivnost sjemenki postignuta fermentacijom na čvrstom supstratu. Ovo je istraživanje pokazalo da se fermentirane sjemenke sikavice mogu dodati pekarskim proizvodima za poboljšanje njihova okusa

Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation on Quinoa Characteristics and Quality of Quinoa-Wheat Composite Bread

The application of selected starter cultures with specific properties for fermentation may determine steady lactic acid bacteria (LAB) variety and the characteristics of fermented products that influence nutritional value, the composition of biologically active compounds and quality. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of different LAB on the biochemical characteristics of fermented quinoa. Moreover, total phenolic content (TPC), and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of protein fractions isolated from quinoa previously fermented with LAB were investigated. Quinoa additives, including quinoa fermented with Lactobacillus brevis, were incorporated in a wheat bread recipe to make nutritionally fortified quinoa-wheat composite bread. The results confirmed that L. plantarum, L. brevis, and L. acidophilus were well adapted in quinoa medium, confirming its suitability for fermentation. LAB strains influenced the acidity, L/D-lactic acid content, enzyme activity, TPC and antioxidant activity of fermented quinoa. The maximum phytase activity was determined in quinoa fermented with L. brevis. The results obtained from the ABTS radical scavenging assay of protein fractions confirmed the influence of LAB strain on the antioxidant activity of protein fractions. The addition of 5 and 10% of quinoa fermented with L. brevis did not affect the total titratable acidity of wheat bread, while 10% of fermented quinoa with L. brevis resulted in a higher specific volume. Fermented quinoa additives increased the overall acceptability of bread compared with unfermented seed additives

In Vitro Fermentative Production of Plant Lignans from Cereal Products in Relationship with Constituents of Non-Starch Polysaccharides

Recently special attention has been paid to dietary fibre-associated phytoestrogens such as plant lignans, which are related to the prevention of different hormone-dependent diseases. Therefore, phytoestrogens associated with dietary fibre and their metabolites are of interest for investigation. The aim of this work is to investigate the formation of enterolignans: enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) from their precursors by the action of intestinal microflora and their relationship with non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in various cereal products from wheat, rye, barley and oats. For the investigation of the bioconversion of plant lignans, a technique of in vitro fermentation was used and the quantitative analysis of their metabolites ENL and END was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with coulometric electrode array detection. The enterolignan formation in various cereal products ranged from 78.3 to 321.9 nmol/g depending on the product type: END from 8.7 to 149.3 nmol/g and ENL from 64.4 to 278.3 nmol/g. The lignan production in bran was about two times higher than that in whole flour of the same kind of cereals. Close correlations were found between the total NSP content and the total amount of enterolignans and ENL; between pentoses and the total amount of enterolignans and ENL; between arabinose or xylose and ENL; and between galactose and END values. Considering the correlations between hexoses and END as well as between pentoses and ENL found in cereals, it can be assumed that pentoses are closely related to the quantities of plant lignans in cereal products and their conversion to enterolignans

Ovisnost količine lignana, dobivene in vitro fermentacijom, o udjelu neškrobnih polisaharida u žitaricama

Recently special attention has been paid to dietary fibre-associated phytoestrogens such as plant lignans, which are related to the prevention of different hormone-dependent diseases. Therefore, phytoestrogens associated with dietary fibre and their metabolites are of interest for investigation. The aim of this work is to investigate the formation of enterolignans: enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) from their precursors by the action of intestinal microflora and their relationship with non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in various cereal products from wheat, rye, barley and oats. For the investigation of the bioconversion of plant lignans, a technique of in vitro fermentation was used and the quantitative analysis of their metabolites ENL and END was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with coulometric electrode array detection. The enterolignan formation in various cereal products ranged from 78.3 to 321.9 nmol/g depending on the product type: END from 8.7 to 149.3 nmol/g and ENL from 64.4 to 278.3 nmol/g. The lignan production in bran was about two times higher than that in whole flour of the same kind of cereals. Close correlations were found between the total NSP content and the total amount of enterolignans and ENL; between pentoses and the total amount of enterolignans and ENL; between arabinose or xylose and ENL; and between galactose and END values. Considering the correlations between hexoses and END as well as between pentoses and ENL found in cereals, it can be assumed that pentoses are closely related to the quantities of plant lignans in cereal products and their conversion to enterolignans.U posljednje se vrijeme sve više pozornosti posvećuje istraživanju lignana, tj. prehrambenih biljnih vlakana bogatih fitoestrogenima, koja sprečavaju razvoj različitih bolesti uzrokovanih hormonskim poremećajem. U radu su istraženi fitoestrogeni iz prehrambenih biljnih vlakana te njihovi derivati. Svrha je rada bila utvrditi ovisnost količine enterolignana, nastalih iz njihovih prekurzora pod utjecajem crijevne mikroflore, i to enterolaktona i enterodiola, o udjelu neškrobnih polisaharida u različitim žitaricama (pšenica, raž, ječam i zob). Pritom je provedena in vitro fermentacija žitarica, a nastali enterolaktoni i enterodioli kvantitativno su određeni pomoću visokodjelotvorne tekućinske kromatografije (HPLC) s kulometrijskim detektorom. Količina se lignana u raznim proizvodima od žitarica razlikovala od 78,3 do 321,9 nmol/g, i to od 8,7 do 149,3 nmol/g enterodiola i od 64,4 do 278,3 nmol/g enterolignana. Utvrđeno je da je količina lignana u mekinjama dvaput veća od one u integralnom brašnu. Ustanovljena je neposredna ovisnost udjela neškrobnih polisaharida o količini enterolignana i enterolaktona, zatim udjela pentoza o količini enterolignana i enterolaktona, udjela arabinoze ili ksiloze o količini enterolaktona, te udjela galaktoze o količini enterodiola. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da količina lignana u proizvodima od žitarica ovisi o udjelu pentoza i njihovoj konverziji u enterolignane

Technological Properties and Composition of Enzymatically Modified Cranberry Pomace

Cranberry pomace obtained after juice production is a good source of dietary fiber and other bioactive compounds. In this study, cranberry pomace was hydrolyzed with Viscozyme® L, Pectinex® Ultra Tropical, Pectinex® Yieldmash Plus, and Celluclast® 1.5L (Novozyme A/S, Denmark). The soluble and insoluble dietary fiber was determined using the Megazyme kit, while the changes in mono-, disaccharide and oligosaccharides’ contents were determined using HPLC-RI; the total phenolic contents were determined by Folin−Ciocalteu’s Assay. Prebiotic activity, using two probiotic strains Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 20079 and Bifidobacterium animalis DSM 20105, was investigated. The technological properties, such as hydration and oil retention capacity, were evaluated. The enzymatic treatment increased the yield of short-chain soluble saccharides. The highest oligosaccharide content was obtained using Viscozyme® L and Pectinex® Ultra Tropical. All of the tested extracts of cranberry pomace showed the ability to promote growth of selected probiotic bacteria. The insoluble dietary fiber content decreased in all of the samples, while the soluble dietary fiber increased just in samples hydrolyzed with Celluclast® 1.5L. The highest content of total phenolic compounds was obtained using Viscozyme® L and Pectinex® Ultra Tropical (10.9% and 13.1% higher than control, respectively). The enzymatically treated cranberry pomace exhibited lower oil and water retention capacities in most cases. In contrast, water swelling capacity increased by 23% and 70% in samples treated with Viscozyme® L and Celluclast® 1.5L, respectively. Enzymatically treated cranberry pomace has a different composition and technological properties depending on the enzyme used for hydrolysis and can be used in various novel food products

Non-Alcoholic Beverages from Fermented Cereals with Increased Oligosaccharide Content

The aim of this study is to develop a new technology for making traditional Lithuanian non-alcoholic beverage kvass from fermented cereals by extending the spectrum of raw materials (extruded rye) and applying new biotechnological resources (xylanolytic enzymes and lactic acid bacteria (LAB)) to improve its functional properties. Arabinoxylans in extruded rye were very efficiently hydrolysed into oligosaccharides by xylanolytic complex Ceremix Plus MG. Using Ceremix Plus MG and LAB fermentation, the yield of arabinoxylooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides in beverage was increased to 300 and 1100 mg/L, respectively. Beverages fermented by LAB had lower pH values and ethanol volume fraction compared to the yeast-fermented beverage. The acceptability of the beverage fermented by Lactobacillus sakei was higher than of Pediococcus pentosaceus- or yeast-fermented beverages and similar to the acceptability of commercial kvass made from malt extract. The results showed that extruded rye, xylanolytic enzymes and LAB can be used for production of novel and safe high-value non-alcoholic beverages

Solid-State Fermentation of Silybum marianum L. Seeds Used as Additive to Increase the Nutritional Value of Wheat Bread

In the present study Silybum marianum L. seeds were fermented using solid-state fermentation (SSF) with several lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus genera, isolated from spontaneously fermented Lithuanian rye sourdough. A possibility to improve sensory properties (flavour) of Silybum marianum L. seeds using LAB fermentation was investigated. The composition of volatile compounds of the unfermented and LAB-fermented seeds of this plant was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fermented seeds have shown considerable differences mainly due to the accumulation of higher alcohols. Total amount of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of unfermented and fermented seeds were determined spectrophotometrically. The obtained results indicate that Silybum marianum L. seeds are a valuable source of bioactive compounds. The highest content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids (4596 and 1346 mg of rutin equivalents (RE) per 100 g, respectively) was determined in the seeds fermented with Pediococcus acidilactici KTU05-7 bacteria in solid-state fermentation. Silybum marianum L. seeds fermented with P. acidilactici KTU05-7 and Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-9 showed stronger antioxidant activity (1263 and 1041 mg of RE per 100 g, respectively), compared to the unfermented seeds (805 mg of RE per 100 g). The addition of Silybum marianum L. seeds fermented with P. acidilactici KTU05-7 bacteria had the highest effect on the decrease of the bacterial spoilage of bread. The aroma compounds from the fermented seeds extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. Ultrasonic pretreatment of the seeds reduced the total amount of microorganisms in the raw material. Microbiological tests revealed that the highest antimicrobial effect was achieved using the solid-state fermentation conditions. This study revealed that fermented Silybum marianum L. seeds are a suitable additive for natural flavouring of baked goods