Main assumptions for energy pathways

© The Author(s) 2019. The aim of this chapter is to make the scenario calculations fully transparent and comprehensible to the scientific community. It provides the scenario narratives for the reference case (5.0 °C) as well as for the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C on a global and regional basis. Cost projections for all fossil fuels and renewable energy technologies until 2050 are provided. Explanations are given for all relevant base year data for the modelling and the main input parameters such as GDP, population, renewable energy potentials and technology parameters

Biomass as energy source in Brazil

The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the programs, projects and technologies related to the use of biofuels in Brazil. An evaluation of the biomass availability and electricity generation potential for different industrial and agricultural sectors is also presented. As a result an estimation of the overall technical potential for electricity generation based on biofuels in Brazil is presented as well. In addition, the state-of-the-art of different biomass electricity conversing technologies is discussed. A diagram is presented about the organization links and funding of biomass energy research activities in Brazil. Main development and research activities being carried out in this area at the Excellence Group in Thermal Power and Distributed Generation - NEST at the Mechanical Engineering Institute of the Federal University of Itajubá - UNIFEI, located in the city of Itajubá, Brazil are presented.Biomass availability Electricity generation Research and development projects Biomass potential in Brazil

Biomass Fluidized Bed Gasification Research In The State University Of Campinas

[No abstract available]143134Czernik, S., Koeberle, P.G., Jollez, P., Bilodeau, J.F., Chornet, E., "Gasification of residual biomass via the biosyn fluidized bed technology" (1993) Proceedings of Advances in Thermochemical Processing of Biomass, Interlaken 1992, , Elsevier PubIPT, 1986. Desenvolvimento da tecnologia da gaseificacao de bagaco de cana em leito fluidizado, S.I.C.C.T., Relatorio no 24574, NovemberOverend, R.P., Onischak, M., Trenka, A., Kinoshita, C., "The U.S. Department of Energy and the Pacific International Center for High Technology Research pressurized oxygen-air fluidized bed biomass gasification scale-up" (1994) Proceedings of the Conference on Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Interlaken 1992, pp. 449-475. , Bridgewater A.V. (Ed), Blackie Academic & ProfessionalPeel, R.B., Sanchez, C.G., Santos, F.J., Fluidized bed combustion and gasification of biomass (1989) 5th European Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, pp. 2541-2545. , Lisboa, Portugal, ppPeel, R.B., Santos, F.J., Fluidized bed combustion of vegetable fuels (1980) Institute of Energy Symposium Series, 4. , Fluidized Combustion: Systems and Application, LondonSalour, D., Jenkins, B.M., Vafaei, M., Kayhanian, M., (1989) Combustion of rice straw and straw wood fuel blends in a fluidized bed reactor, , American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 89-6574Sanchez, C.G., (1994) Research on Biomass Fluidized Bed Devolatilization and Gasification, , Ph.D. thesis, UNICAMP in PortugueseSanchez, C.G., Peel, R.B., Santos, F.J., Research on biomass devolatilization rates in fixed and fluidized beds (1990) 3rd Brazilian Thermal Science Meeting, proceedings, pp. 789-792. , Itapema in PortugueseSanchez, C.G., Santos, F.J., Peel, R.B., Carbon monoxide emission during fluidized bed biomass pyrolysis (1991) XI Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering, proceedings, pp. 97-100. , São Paulo in PortugueseSanchez, C.G., Silva, E.L., Rice husk fluidized bed gasification (1994) to be presented at the 5th Brazilian Thermal Sciences Meeting, , São Paulo, December in PortugueseSanchez, C.G., Silva, E.L., Santos, F.J., Experimental research on the sugarcane bagasse and rice husk devolatilization process (1993) XII Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering, proceedings, pp. 545-548. , in PortugueseSilva, E.L., Beatón, P.S., "Experimental research and mathematical modelling of bagasse pellet combustion" (1992) International Sugar Journal, 94 (1125), pp. 217-218Silva, E.L., Sanchez, C.G., Bagasse gasification (1994) presented at the International seminar on commercial energy generation in the cane agroindustry, Guatemala City, Guatemala (to be edited in the proceedings), , 15-18 JuneSilva, E.L., Shestakov, S.M., Beatón, P.S., Recio, A., Malajaev, P.A., Sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis characteristics Jimia Drevesiny, (3), pp. 103-106. , in RussianVan den Aarsen, F.G., Beenackers, A.A.C.M., Van Swaaij, W.P.M., Thermochemical gasification in a pilot plant fluidized bed wood gasifier (1983) Proceedings of 2nd E.C. Energy from Biomass Conference, pp. 425-43

Constructive Features, Operation And Sizing Of Fluidized-bed Gasifiers For Biomass

[No abstract available]245257Baptista, M.A.C., "Gaseificação de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar: um estudo experimental" (1986) Anais do XIV Encontrol sobre Escoamento em Meios Porosos, pp. 420-438. , UNICAMPBridgwater, A.V., "Thermochemical processing of biomass" (1984) Review of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, , Butterworth, LondonCampagnola, G., RDF pellets gasification/gas clean-up development program (1994) Energy from Biomass - Progress in Thermochemical Conversion, Proceedings of the EC Contractors' Meeting held in Florence, pp. 83-97. , Italy, published by European Commission, Brussels, Luxembourg, ppClark, S.J., Goodman, M.A., (1985) Biomass gas fueling of spark ignition engine - carburetor development and testing, (85-3570), pp. 1-27. , Paper ASAECzernik, S., Koeberle, P.G., Jollez, P., Bilodeau, J.F., Chornet, E., "Gasification of residual biomass via the Biosyn fluidized bed technology" (1994) Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, pp. 423-437. , Bridgwater A.V. (Ed), Blackie Academic and ProfessionalEvans, R.J., Knight, R.A., Onischak, M., Babu, S.P., "Process performance and environment assessment of the Renugas process" (1987) Energy from Biomass and Wastes, 10, pp. 677-694Jenkins, B.M., Fuel properties of biomass materials (1990) International Symposium on Application and Management of Energy in Agriculture: The Role of Biomass Fuels, , IIT, Delhi, India, May 21-23Lamorey, G.W., Jenkins, B.M., Goss, J.R., (1985) LP engine and fluidized bed gas producer performance, , ASAE paperLundqvist, R.G., "The IGCC demonstration plant at Varnamo" (1993) Bioresource Technology, 46, pp. 49-53Maniatis, K., Fluidized bed gasification of agricultural residues (1990) International Symposium on Application Management of Energy in Agriculture: The Role of Biomass Fuels, , preprint, New Delhi, MayManiatis, K., Kiritsis, S., "Gasification of cotton stalks in a fluidized bed" (1992) Proceedings of the 6th European Conference of Biomass for Energy, Environment and Industry (Athens, Greece, 1991), pp. 806-810. , Elsevier PressMehrling, P., Reimert, R., Synthetic fuel from wood via gasification in the circulating fluidized bed (1986) Energy from Biomass Conference, pp. 73-113Omnifuel, Biomass Energy Technology, 1990. Fluidized bed gasification systems, technical bulletinOverend, R.P., (1994), Personal communicationOverend, R.P., Onischak, M., Trenka, A., Kinoshita, C., "The U.S. Department of Energy and the Pacific International Center for High Technology Research pressurized oxygen-air fluidized bed biomass gasification scale-up" (1994) Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, pp. 438-448. , Bridgwater A.V. (Ed), Blackie Academic and ProfessionalRensfeld, E., Cogeneration using gasification and diesel engines (1988) Technical Bulletin, , Studsvik Energiteknik ABSanchez, C.G., Silva, E.L., "Biomass fluidized bed gasification research in the State University of Campinas" (1994) Energy for Sustainable Development, I (4), pp. 31-34. , NovemberStröm, E., Liinanki, L., Sjöström, K., (1982) "Gasification of biomass in the MINO-Process", , Technical Bulletin of the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Swede

Possible Atmospheric Diversity of Low Mass Exoplanets – Some Central Aspects

Exoplanetary science continues to excite and surprise with its rich diversity. We discuss here some key aspects potentially influencing the range of exoplanetary terrestrial-type atmospheres which could exist in nature. We are motivated by newly emerging observations, refined approaches to address data degeneracies, improved theories for key processes affecting atmospheric evolution and a new generation of atmospheric models which couple physical processes from the deep interior through to the exosphere and consider the planetary-star system as a whole. Using the Solar System as our guide we first summarize the main processes which sculpt atmospheric evolution then discuss their potential interactions in the context of exoplanetary environments. We summarize key uncertainties and consider a diverse range of atmospheric compositions discussing their potential occurrence in an exoplanetary context