People Movement Characteristics Based on an Evacuation Test

Modelling of the evacuation of people is the only method leading to a proper design of emergency escape routes from buildings. The background details necessary for modelling can only be obtained from actual incidents or evacuation tests. The paper presents the results of an evacuation test carried out in a university environment with respect to an announced evacuation. The introduction of the paper describes the scope of the test, physiological characteristics of the participants, the geometry and the environment. The analysis of the evacuation test focuses on the movement of people and the flow. The analysis of the results showed that the values recorded in the test are identical to those used in evacuation models; nevertheless, they differ from the calculation model and values used in the national prescriptive code

Primary energy and CO2 emissions for a district city and a suburb

In countries of the European Union, the proportion of buildings in the overall energy consumption represents 40% and their proportion in CO2 emissions 35%. Taking into account dependence of the European Union on import of energy, this represents large quantity of energy and CO2 emissions, in spite of the fact that there exist effective solutions for reduction of building energy demand. In Directive 20-20-20, the European Union adopted three main commitments of fulfillment criteria by 2020. On the basis of this directive, the Slovak Republic declares support of renovation of apartment dwelling houses. Taking into account the fact that state subsidy can be obtained only once, and energy requirements of the European Union are increasingly stricter, a comprehensive approach to renovation of buildings is inevitable. At the same time, it is inevitable to propose the renovation of buildings taking into account requirements stated for buildings for year 2020. Two areas were compared within the case study taking into account primary energy and the quantity of CO2 emissions. Both areas have the same built-up area, but one of them is a district city and the second is a suburb. From results it is obvious that the quantity of primary energy is lower by 88% in the district city than in the suburb. The quantity of CO2 emissions is lower by 69% in the district city than in the suburb

Case study possibilities of reducing energy of residential building

Residential buildings nowadays have a high energy consumption. This is due to the fact, that many of them are still not retrofitted. As the European Union in the new directive (known as the 20-20-20) adopted three major commitments to meet the criteria by 2020, it is necessary to pay attention to the retrofit. The aim of the work is to point out how contribute to reducing energy consumption and why pay more attention to the comprehensive retrofit over the partial retrofit

Analysis and CFD Modeling of Thermal Collectors with a Tracker System

Thermal solar systems are currently one of the most suitable ways to convert solar radiation into usable energy. To ensure maximum energy gain, it is necessary to correctly adjust the direction of the collectors in the southern direction. The deviation from the south is energy acceptable, but there are losses that reduce the overall efficiency of the system. A suitable tool for increasing the efficiency of solar thermal collectors is the usage of tracker systems which track the position of the Sun along the ecliptic orbit. The system is directed south towards the equator. It is important to know the effectiveness of the system in terms of assessment. For the monitored period of the equinox, the increase of the solar thermal gain of the system with rotation of the collectors represents 16.23%. One of the methods is to use simulation tools to simulate different conditions of solar energy flow. A model in the Ansys software was developed for solar thermal flat collectors. The model is based on setting the material parameters of the collector construction, the properties of the absorber in terms of absorption as well as the materials and its geometry, the properties of the heat transfer medium, and the setting of the volume flows. At the same time, it is possible to define the change in the energy flow of the incident radiation. The model is a useful tool for evaluating collectors used by different tracking systems. The model was experimentally verified on a tracker system and compared with experimental data with good agreement. For sunny days, the model shows an accuracy rate of 98.7% in the condition without rotation, and 99.1% in the condition with rotation of the collector. After including the 5% degree of uncertainty for the condition of the rotated collectors, the accuracy of the model is 94.2% and for the condition without rotation 93.8%

Multi-criteria evaluation used as a tool taking into account the optimal selection of materials, described on example of selection of thermal insulation materials for wood-based envelope

Currently, the choice of materials for the construction of buildings should take into account not only their traditional features such as price and quality but also the environmental qualities. The thesis describes the process of multi-criteria evaluation of thermal insulation materials for wood-basednbspenvelope with other possible comparing of obtained valuation parameters.nbs

Analysis and CFD Modeling of Thermal Collectors with a Tracker System

Thermal solar systems are currently one of the most suitable ways to convert solar radiation into usable energy. To ensure maximum energy gain, it is necessary to correctly adjust the direction of the collectors in the southern direction. The deviation from the south is energy acceptable, but there are losses that reduce the overall efficiency of the system. A suitable tool for increasing the efficiency of solar thermal collectors is the usage of tracker systems which track the position of the Sun along the ecliptic orbit. The system is directed south towards the equator. It is important to know the effectiveness of the system in terms of assessment. For the monitored period of the equinox, the increase of the solar thermal gain of the system with rotation of the collectors represents 16.23%. One of the methods is to use simulation tools to simulate different conditions of solar energy flow. A model in the Ansys software was developed for solar thermal flat collectors. The model is based on setting the material parameters of the collector construction, the properties of the absorber in terms of absorption as well as the materials and its geometry, the properties of the heat transfer medium, and the setting of the volume flows. At the same time, it is possible to define the change in the energy flow of the incident radiation. The model is a useful tool for evaluating collectors used by different tracking systems. The model was experimentally verified on a tracker system and compared with experimental data with good agreement. For sunny days, the model shows an accuracy rate of 98.7% in the condition without rotation, and 99.1% in the condition with rotation of the collector. After including the 5% degree of uncertainty for the condition of the rotated collectors, the accuracy of the model is 94.2% and for the condition without rotation 93.8%