fisheries and tourism social economic and ecological trade offs in coral reef systems

Coastal communities are exerting increasingly more pressure on coral reef ecosystem services in the Anthropocene. Balancing trade-offs between local economic demands, preservation of traditional values, and maintenance of both biodiversity and ecosystem resilience is a challenge for reef managers and resource users. Consistently, growing reef tourism sectors offer more lucrative livelihoods than subsistence and artisanal fisheries at the cost of traditional heritage loss and ecological damage. Using a systematic review of coral reef fishery reconstructions since the 1940s, we show that declining trends in fisheries catch and fish stocks dominate coral reef fisheries globally, due in part to overfishing of schooling and spawning-aggregating fish stocks vulnerable to exploitation. Using a separate systematic review of coral reef tourism studies since 2013, we identify socio-ecological impacts and economic opportunities associated to the industry. Fisheries and tourism have the potential to threaten the ecological stability of coral reefs, resulting in phase shifts toward less productive coral-depleted ecosystem states. We consider whether four common management strategies (unmanaged commons, ecosystem-based management, co-management, and adaptive co-management) fulfil ecological conservation and socioeconomic goals, such as living wage, job security, and maintenance of cultural traditions. Strategies to enforce resource exclusion and withhold traditional resource rights risk social unrest; thus, the coexistence of fisheries and tourism industries is essential. The purpose of this chapter is to assist managers and scientists in their responsibility to devise implementable strategies that protect local community livelihoods and the coral reefs on which they rely

Cobertura e fatores associados à realização do exame de detecção do câncer de colo de útero em área urbana no Sul do Brasil: estudo de base populacional Cervical cancer screening coverage and associated factors in a city in southern Brazil: a population-based study

A cobertura do teste de Papanicolaou e fatores associados foram investigados entre mulheres de 20 a 59 anos de idade, residentes na área urbana de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foi realizado estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra aleatória por conglomerados. Examinaram-se dois desfechos: realização do Papanicolaou em algum momento na vida e exames em atraso (período maior que três anos desde o último teste ou nunca realizado). Entre 952 mulheres entrevistadas, 93% (IC95%: 91,5-94,7) realizaram o teste pelo menos uma vez na vida e 14% (IC95%: 11,8-16,2) estavam com o procedimento em atraso. Por meio da regressão de Poisson, constatou-se que estado civil, escolaridade, doenças crônicas autorreferidas e consulta médica foram fatores significativamente associados com ambos os desfechos. Idade, renda e internação hospitalar no último ano estiveram associadas somente com a realização do Papanicolaou na vida. A cobertura do teste de Papanicolaou foi elevada, porém existem disparidades socioeconômicas e demográficas, além do predomínio do rastreamento oportunístico.<br>This study focused on coverage of screening for cervical cancer and associated factors in women 20 to 59 years of age in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in 2009. This was a cross-sectional study using cluster random sampling. Two outcomes were examined: a history of at least one Papanicolaou test and delaying the test (never performed or performed more than three years previously). Among 952 women, 93% (95%CI: 91.5-94.7) had ever had a Pap smear, whereas 14% (95%CI: 11.8-16.2) had delayed the test. According to Poisson regression, both outcomes were associated with marital status, schooling, presence of chronic disease, and consulting a physician for other reasons. Age, income, and hospitalization in the previous year were only associated with ever having a Pap smear. Although test coverage was high, much of the screening was opportunistic. In addition, various social, economic, and demographic disparities influenced the odds of being screened