Reliability Assessment of Nanoscale System on Chip Depending on Neturon Irradiation

The atmospheric neutron poses a serious hazard to nanoscale electronics reliability. Spallation neutron irradiations on a nanoscale system on chip (SoC) were conducted applying the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), and the results were compared and analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation. The contribution from thermal neutron on the SoC single event effect (SEE) was analyzed. Analysis indicated the SoC atmospheric neutron SEE vulnerability can be reduced by 44.4% if the thermal neutron was absorbed. The influences of the B and Hf elements on the SEEs were evaluated, too. It can be concluded that 10 B interacting with thermal neutron is the reason for thermal neutron inducing SEE in the SoC. Although the Hf element has no contribution to the 28 nm SoC atmospheric neutron SEE cross section, it increases the total dose risk 5 times during atmospheric neutron irradiation

Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Phosphate Rock by Hydrometallurgical Processes - A Critical Review

Generally, phosphate rock contains about 0.05wt% rare earth elements (REEs) on average. And the world commercial phosphate rock production is estimated to be 250 million tons per year, which makes phosphate rock a potential new REEs resource. However, low content of REEs in phosphate rock leads to the technical challenges and cost overages that hindered the commercial recovery of REEs. In this paper, an overview of achievements aiming at solving the challenges is given. Based on the decomposition processes of phosphate rock by H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, H3PO4, various REEs recovery processes via crystallization, precipitation, solvent extraction and ion exchange methods are systematically reviewed. In H2SO4 processes, REEs are recovered based on the removal of impurities from phosphoric acid and phosphogypsum since the main challenge is the diluted content of REEs in these products. In the case of HCl, HNO3 and H3PO4 processes, REEs entirely transfers into leaching solution and the recovery research are mainly focused on REEs extraction from leaching solutions. For REE extraction from high phosphorus content leaching solutions, crystallization, precipitation, and ion exchange methods are currently inconsiderable due to the high energy consumption, impurity involvement and low efficiency, respectively. Solvent extraction seems to be the potential promising method in terms of its good overall performance. Finally, recommendations to promote the development of REEs recovery technologies from phosphate rock are provided.

AI of Brain and Cognitive Sciences: From the Perspective of First Principles

Nowadays, we have witnessed the great success of AI in various applications, including image classification, game playing, protein structure analysis, language translation, and content generation. Despite these powerful applications, there are still many tasks in our daily life that are rather simple to humans but pose great challenges to AI. These include image and language understanding, few-shot learning, abstract concepts, and low-energy cost computing. Thus, learning from the brain is still a promising way that can shed light on the development of next-generation AI. The brain is arguably the only known intelligent machine in the universe, which is the product of evolution for animals surviving in the natural environment. At the behavior level, psychology and cognitive sciences have demonstrated that human and animal brains can execute very intelligent high-level cognitive functions. At the structure level, cognitive and computational neurosciences have unveiled that the brain has extremely complicated but elegant network forms to support its functions. Over years, people are gathering knowledge about the structure and functions of the brain, and this process is accelerating recently along with the initiation of giant brain projects worldwide. Here, we argue that the general principles of brain functions are the most valuable things to inspire the development of AI. These general principles are the standard rules of the brain extracting, representing, manipulating, and retrieving information, and here we call them the first principles of the brain. This paper collects six such first principles. They are attractor network, criticality, random network, sparse coding, relational memory, and perceptual learning. On each topic, we review its biological background, fundamental property, potential application to AI, and future development.Comment: 59 pages, 5 figures, review articl

Background and roles: myosin in autoimmune diseases

The myosin superfamily is a group of molecular motors. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulation or deficiency of the immune tolerance mechanism, resulting in an immune response to the human body itself. The link between myosin and autoimmune diseases is much more complex than scientists had hoped. Myosin itself immunization can induce experimental autoimmune diseases of animals, and myosins were abnormally expressed in a number of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, myosin takes part in the pathological process of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, autoimmune myocarditis, myositis, hemopathy, inclusion body diseases, etc. However, research on myosin and its involvement in the occurrence and development of diseases is still in its infancy, and the underlying pathological mechanisms are not well understood. We can reasonably predict that myosin might play a role in new treatments of autoimmune diseases

Discussion on Agricultural Religion in the Pre-Qin Period of China

Since ancient times, agricultural religion has been infiltrated into all aspects of economic, political and social life in China. Using rich historical data such as archeology, anthropology and ethnology, this paper discussed the historical process of agricultural religion in the pre-Qin period from animal worship to agricultural worship. It also discussed the agricultural objects, land, celestial nature, and labor ghosts. Finally, it revealed the inevitable trend of combination of social sacrificing activities

The Relationship between Religious Belief and Agricultural Production of the Miao People

Religious belief is an important part of the Miao People culture. The agricultural economic situation in the Miao region is an essential factor for determining the generation and development of its religious belief. Religious belief also has a tremendous impact on the agricultural production of the Miao people. This paper summarized the religious belief form and the agricultural situation of Miao People, and analyzed the relationship between the religious belief and agricultural production of Miao People

Brief Analysis of Religious Sacrificial Activities in Agricultural Production of Ethnic Minorities in China

China is vast in territory and there are 55 ethnic minorities. Due to the geographical location, the experience in the development process and the stage of cultural development, ethnic minorities show great differences with Han people in many aspects, so that in the process of obtaining food, they manifest different cultural characteristics, especially the religious sacrifices and taboos present in the agricultural production process show more uniqueness and retain more primitive features

On the Relationship between Chinese Taoist Rites and Agriculture

There is a close relationship between Taoism and traditional agriculture in China. This relationship is also manifested in the relationship between Taoist rites and agriculture: the Taoist rites have obvious awareness of stressing the agriculture; holding of Taoist rites, gods worshiped in rites, offerings used, and grain consumed are connected with the agriculture; many actions in rites have nature of imitating the agriculture. The concept of “quietness” and “cleanness” in rites can cultivate the awareness of farmers for respecting the agriculture