GIULIO TARRA TRADUTTORE DAL FRANCESE

Con Il Libro pel bambino, Don Giulio Tarra risultò il vincitore di due concorsi indetti dal Congresso Pedagogico Italiano nel 1861: quello per un libro di lettura destinato ai bambini sordomuti e l’altro per un libro destinato alle scuole rurali. Fra le opere del Tarra pubblicate da Paolo Carrara è menzionato il volumetto “Lezioni in famiglia, versione da M. Carraud”. Questo contributo intende offrire alcuni elementi d’informazione su Zulma Carraud, autrice delle Historiettes véritables pour les enfants de quatre à huit ans, titolo originale della raccolta di racconti tradotta da Don Giulio. Il libro era uscito a Parigi nel 1864 per i tipi di Hachette. In precedenza lo stesso editore aveva accolto le prime opere di Zulma nelle collane destinate alla scuola primaria. A pochi anni di distanza l’uno dall’altra, la Carraud nella Francia del II Impero e il Tarra nell’Italia postunitaria, entrambi hanno contribuito con i loro “libri di lettura” allo sviluppo dell’editoria per la scuola e per l’infanzia.   Giulio Tarra translator from French With the volume entitled Il Libro pel bambino, Don Giulio Tarra won two literary competitions held in 1861 by the Congresso Pedagogico Italiano: the first was dedicated to books for deaf-mute chidren, the second to books for rural schools. Among Tarra’s works published by Paolo Carrara we find “Lezioni in famiglia, versione da M. Carraud”. This article provides some information about Zulma Carraud, the author of the collection of novels entitled: Historiettes véritables pour les enfants de quatre à huit ans published by Hachette in 1864 and translated into Italian by Don Giulio. Previously the same publisher had collected Zulma’s first works in a series to be used in primary schools. Carraud, during the Second Empire period in France, and Tarra, in post-Unity Italy, both contributed to the development of the publishing industry for schools and children with their educational and entertaining books

Macrophage Infection by Mycobacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent of tuberculosis. It is a pathogen that continues to draw international concerns particularly due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance and to the difficulties associated with the diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis. A key process in the pathogenesis of this disease is the interaction between this pathogen and host macrophages. Invasion of the macrophages protects the pathogen from attack by the immune system, allows it to multiply while protected within the macrophages, and alters the immune response as it influences the profiles of the cytokine and chemokine responses. Key to the intracellular survival of the pathogen within the macrophages is the specific interaction between the pathogen and its virulence factors with the host. This review provides an a summary of pertinent literature on the topic of macrophage receptors utilized by the pathogen, its survival strategies within the macrophage, and the general profile of immune signalling upon exposure to the pathogen. The importance of specific macrophage receptors and certain components of the pathogen to the direction of the immune response are also discussed

Towards environmental sustainability of non-residential buildings: An integrated approach to combine thermal comfort of people with energy saving strategies for heating system management

Buildings are constructed and operated to satisfy human needs and improve quality of life. Good indoor air quality and thermal comfort are prerequisites for human health and well-being. At the same time, these aspects are strictly linked to the buildings’ energy consumption, with a direct impact on energy efficiency global goals and climate changes. Global technical regulations and guidelines aim at increasing the energy performance of buildings, with targets of NZEB and ZEB, both for new and existing buildings. In this context the research was carried out in order to investigate energy saving strategies related to heating systems, combining with indoor comfort analyses. The case study is an existing building, located in Perugia (Italy), which is the main seat of Arpa Umbria. The recent energy crisis has imposed strict measures to contain energy consumption, especially for heating; for this reason, the study aims to identify optimal management of the heating, based on a thermal calibrated model of the building and thermo-hygrometric monitoring. With the model, different management strategies were defined and simulated in order to develop schedules to set switch-on/off systems based on indoor and outdoor weather conditions. The results are presented in an integrated approach, combining the estimated reduction of energy consumption with human well-being

Hydrogen Purification and Odorization to Evaluate the Distribution of This Energy Carrier Through the Gas Pipelines

Due to hydrogen storage and transport problem, a concrete and immediate solution is the exploitation of the gas pipelines now used for natural gas. In this regard, this work aims to evaluate two main aspects that must be taken into account to make this approach possible: the separation of hydrogen from natural gas-hydrogen mixture and the odorization of the latter, in order to provide the safety of the pipelines. Therefore, the first part of this study is the evaluation of the efficiency of a purification system in presence of a variable quantity of methane in the inner stream. For these purposes, electrochemical hydrogen compression (EHC) system was selected, due to the great advantage of allowing both purification and compression in a single device. Different methane-hydrogen mixtures were taken into consideration, going to evaluate how an increasing amount of methane affects the efficiency of the system. The second part of this work is focused on a further development of a previous simulation study related to a possible process for natural gas-hydrogen mixtures odorization systems using AVEVA's PRO II software. As odorant, GASODOR S-FREE was taken into consideration, thanks to the fact that this is a common odorant used for methane with the great advantage of not containing sulfur, unlike THT and mercaptans

Decommissioning and reusing churches: issues and research perspectives

The phenomena of underutilization, decommissioning and reuse of religious heritage are considered key issues by ecclesiastical institutions, research centers and others working in the realms of culture. The social, economic and technical dynamics that are caused by these phenomena are relevant not only for the ecclesial milieu but for all of society. In order to encourage the encounter between researchers and ecclesial subjects, the the Responsible Risk Resilience Centre (R3C) at the Politecnico di Torino aimed - in the frame of the coopereation with Pontifical Council of Culture, Pontifical Gregorian University and Conference of the Bishops of Italy - at surveying interdisciplinary research projects on the subject, focusing on architectural and urban issues, and based on studies of the social and theological-pastoral sciences as well. The call to report on ongoing studies or those recently concluded invited the research centers to consider three issues: 1. Wide-scale Research. Establishing the enquiry at a regional level underlines that individual choices on a decommissioned building cannot neglect a broader framework to interpret social, cultural and pastoral dynamics, major risk factors and a regional planning perspective of religious heritage, focusing on the responsible involvement of worshippers and local communities, and on the enhancement of the resilience of local systems. 2. Discernment of Method. Faced with a plurality of approaches, the question of the selection (motivated and transparent) of methods is raised concerning decision-making processes concerning reuse, regeneration and revitalization of decommissioned or redundant religious heritage, specifically assessment methods considering ecclesial, social, cultural and economic dynamics, aiding collective discernment about the maintenance of the worship function, or other appropriate utilizations or transformations. 3. Theoretical Issues. The complexity of the challenges requires further reflection on the significance of reuse of religious heritage, considered in relation to restoration theory, sociological models, architectural design theory and – in general – all disciplines concerning heritagization processes and the sustainable regeneration of cultural heritage. The appeal was received by more than 30 research groups, involving about 50 scholars from different disciplines (from architectural design to canon law, passing through historical, sociological, management studies, etc.), working in research centers in 12 countries (from Canada to Turkey). 15 experiences are published in this section of the book, introduced by the scientific committee of the call.The aim of the initiative – both in its expositive and editorial aspects – is to inform ecclesiastical subjects about the themes investigated by the academic world regarding the reuse of churches, but also to inspire institutions in their policies of regeneration and enhancement, and to allow the exchange of research methods between working groups and different countries

Ethnic background and risk perception in construction workers: development and validation of an exploratory tool

Among occupational sectors, construction is still one of the branches with the highest reported numbers of work-related injuries and diseases, which can even lead to death and in many cases induce permanent health consequences. The vast majority of these occupational injuries and diseases are preventable; accordingly, an improvement in preventive strategies, also through a better knowledge of the main factors involved in these events, is one of the most important objectives for better occupational health and safety in the construction sector. Considering the individual factors associated with a higher risk of work-related adverse health effects in workers, an inadequate perception of occupational risks is among the most relevant issues. Risk perception can vary according to different cultural backgrounds, highly influenced by ethnicity, and it affects the relations between workers in the work environment, and the way by with they undergo the specific occupational tasks and manage risky situations frequently occurring on construction sites. Accordingly, the aim of the authors was to develop a new tool for the assessment of risk perception in construction workers with different ethnic backgrounds

A distinctive 'microbial signature' in celiac pediatric patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine in which dietary gluten ingestion leads to a chronic enteropathy. Recently, scientific evidence suggested a potential role of gut microbiota in CD. To have a snapshot of dominant duodenal microbiota we analyzed the mucosa-associated microbiota of 20 children with CD, before and after a gluten-free diet (GFD) regimen, and of 10 controls. Total DNA was extracted from duodenal biopsies and amplification products of 16S ribosomal DNA were compared by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE). TTGE profiles were analyzed by statistical multivariate analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The average number of bands in TTGE profiles was significantly higher (<it>P </it>< 0.0001) in active (n.b. 16.7 ± 0.7) and inactive states (n.b. 13.2 ± 0.8) than in controls (n.b. 3.7 ± 1.3). Mean interindividual similarity index was 54.9% ± 14.9% for active disease, 55.6% ± 15.7% for remission state and 21.8% ± 30.16% for controls. Similarity index between celiac children before and after GFD treatment was 63.9% ± 15.8%. Differences in microbiota biodiversity were among active and remission state (<it>P </it>= 0.000224) and amid active CD and controls (<it>P </it>< 0.001). <it>Bacteroides vulgatus </it>and <it>Escherichia coli </it>were detected more often in CD patients than in controls (<it>P </it>< 0.0001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Overall, the results highlighted a peculiar microbial TTGE profile and a significant higher biodiversity in CD pediatric patients' duodenal mucosa. The possible pathophysiological role of these microbial differences needs further characterization.</p

Acute heart failure in patients with acute aortic syndrome: Pathophysiology and clinical-prognostic implications

Aims Although acute heart failure (AHF) is a potential complication of acute aortic syndromes (AAS), its clinical details and management implications have been scarcely evaluated. This study aimed to assess prevalence, pathophysiological mechanisms, impact on treatment, and in-hospital mortality of AHF in AAS. Methods and results Data were collected from a prospective AAS registry (398 patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2013). Patients with AHF were identified by the presence of dyspnoea as the presentation symptom or radiological signs of pulmonary congestion or cardiogenic shock, including patients with cardiac tamponade (CT). AHF frequency was 28% (Stanford type A 32% vs. type B 20%, P = 0.01). Four mechanisms leading to AHF were identified, alone or in combination: CT (26%), aortic regurgitation (25%), myocardial ischaemia (17%), and hypertensive crisis (10%). In type A patients, aortic regurgitation and CT were the most frequent mechanisms, whereas myocardial ischaemia and hypertensive crisis were the most frequent in type B patients. Although no difference was noted for diagnostic times, AHF at presentation led to a longer surgical delay in type A AAS. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with AHF compared with those without (34% vs. 17%, P &lt; 0.001). After multivariable analysis, AHF was associated with increased risk of in-hospital death (adjusted odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.14-3.36, P = 0.014). Conclusion AHF occurs in more than a quarter of patients with AAS of both type A and type B, is due to a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms, and is associated with increased surgical delay and in-hospital mortality. © 2015 The Authors European Journal of Heart Failure © 2015 European Society of Cardiology

Designation of optimal reference strains representing the infant gut bifidobacterial species through a comprehensive multi-omics approach

The genomic era has resulted in the generation of a massive amount of genetic data concerning the genomic diversity of bacterial taxa. As a result, the microbiological community is increasingly looking for ways to define reference bacterial strains to perform experiments that are representative of the entire bacterial species. Despite this, there is currently no established approach allowing a reliable identification of reference strains based on a comprehensive genomic, ecological, and functional context. In the current study, we developed a comprehensive multi-omics approach that will allow the identification of the optimal reference strains using the Bifidobacterium genus as test case. Strain tracking analysis based on 1664 shotgun metagenomics datasets of healthy infant faecal samples were employed to identify bifidobacterial strains suitable for in silico and in vitro analyses. Subsequently, an ad hoc bioinformatic tool was developed to screen local strain collections for the most suitable species-representative strain alternative. The here presented approach was validated using in vitro trials followed by metagenomics and metatranscriptomics analyses. Altogether, these results demonstrated the validity of the proposed model for reference strain selection, thus allowing improved in silico and in vitro investigations both in terms of cross-laboratory reproducibility and relevance of research findings

Territorial Resilience: Toward a Proactive Meaning for Spatial Planning

The international debate on resilience has grown around the ability of a community to prepare for and adapt to natural disasters, with a growing interest in holistically understanding complex systems. Although the concept of resilience has been investigated fromdifferent perspectives, the lack of understanding of its conceptual comprehensive aspects presents strong limitations for spatial planning and for the adoption of policies and programs for its measurement and achievement. In this paper, we refer to “territorial resilience” as an emerging concept capable of aiding the decision-making process of identifying vulnerabilities and improving the transformation of socio-ecological and technological systems (SETSs). Here,we explore the epistemology of resilience, reviewing the origins and the evolution of this term, providing evidence on how this conceptual umbrella is used by different disciplines to tackle problem-solving that arises from disaster management and command-control practices to augment the robustness. Assuming the SETSs paradigm, the seismic and structural engineering, social sciences and history, urban planning and climatology perspectives intersects providing different analytical levels of resilience, including vulnerability and patrimony from a community and cultural perspective. We conclude that territorial resilience surpasses the analytical barriers between different disciplines, providing a useful concept related to complex problem-solving phenomena for land use planning, opening a new research question: how can territorial resilience be measured, acknowledging different units and levels of analysis aiding decision-making in spatial plans and projects? In attempting to understand a resilient system, quantitative and qualitative measurements are crucial to supporting planning decisions