L'Alsace-Lorraine dans le roman français entre les deuxguerres.

L'Alsace-Lorraine, dans ce que 1'on pourrait hardiment nommer leur destin légal, ne connurent que 1'insécurité. Ce sont des terres prédesttinées aux combats, designées pour êtretour é tour 1'otage abandonné par le vaincu, le bastion nécessaire au vainqueur. Le peuple de l'Alsace-Lorraine fut enraciné à un sol dont la richasse fit tout ensemble sa prosperité et son infortune. La' où 1es légions romaines élevèrent jadis leurs camps et 1eurs ramparts, 1es guerriers de l'Occident necessèrent de porter leurs armes que pour de courtes trêves. [...

The role of social networking services in eParticipation

A serious problem in eParticipation projects is citizen engagement – citizens do not necessarily become more willing to participate simply because net-services are provided for them. Most forms of eParticipation in democratic contexts are, however, dependent on citizen engagement, interaction and social networking because democratic systems favour the interests of larger groups of citizens – the more voices behind a political proposition, the greater its chances of success. In this context of challenges the study of social networking on the internet and social network theory offers valuable insights into the practices and theories of citizen engagement. Social network theory focuses on the chains of relationships that social actors communicate and act within. Some social networking services on the internet attract large numbers of users, and apparently sustain a great deal of interaction, content-generation and the development of loosely-coupled communities. They provide the forum for much discussion and interaction. In this respect social networking could contribute to solve some of the problems of engaging their users that eParticipation services often struggle with. This paper investigates the potential of Social Networking Services for the eParticipation area by defining social networking services, introducing the driving forces behind their advance, and discusses the potential use of social networking software in the eParticipation context

Pliocene paleoenvironments in the Meade Basin, Southwest Kansas, USA

Terrestrial paleoenvironmental reconstructions from the Pliocene Epoch (5.3-2.6 Ma) of the Neogene Period are rare from the North American continental interior, but are important because they provide insight into the evolutionary context of modern landscapes and ecological systems. Pliocene marine records indicate that global climate was warmer and atmospheric pCO2 was higher than pre-industrial conditions, spurring efforts to understand regional climate and environmental variability under conditions potentially analogous to future warming scenarios. In this study, we investigate sedimentary environments and paleoclimate conditions from the Meade Basin of southwest Kansas, a moderately sized basin formed from dissolution and withdrawal of deep evaporites. Pliocene intervals of the Meade Basin have yielded classic faunal assemblages representing the early to middle Blancan North American Land Mammal Age (∼ 4.5-3.2Ma).We reconstruct the paleoenvironments using a multidisciplinary approach of lithofacies analysis, paleopedology, and ichnology. The stratigraphic interval we examined is bounded by large-scale, fluvial trunk channels that show paleocurrent trends to the south-southwest-tangential to modern drainages-likely due to local halotectonic subsidence during the Neogene. The stratigraphic interval between these fluvially dominated phases consists of palustrine landscapes with temporally and laterally variable subaqueous and subaerial facies. Paleosols are abundant; however, most pedotypes are poorly to variably drained, and so their elemental compositions do not reflect local climate state. The few mature, oxidized, and relatively well-drained paleosols observed contain elemental signatures consistent with subhumid climate conditions. Frequent and recursive ponding events are discerned through the tiering of burrows (Camborygma ISP.) similar to those produced by modern freshwater decapod crustaceans (i.e., crayfish). The drivers of these flooding events are most likely episodic halotectonic subsidence and groundwater discharge, though influence from intervals of relatively wetter climate cannot be ruled out. By the late middle Pliocene, landscapes returned to fluvially dominated environments as sedimentation began to outpace accommodation. Our results collectively indicate that climate was likely wetter than modern conditions in the early to middle Pliocene in the western Great Plains, contrary to forecasts for the region under current pCO2-driven warming

Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 2 Effects on Epithelial Acinus Development Reveal Distinct Requirements for the PY and YEEA motifs

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus associated with numerous cancers, including the epithelial cancers nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma. The latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) encoded by EBV is consistently detected in NPC tumors and promotes a malignant phenotype when expressed in epithelial cells by inducing transformation and migration and inhibiting differentiation. Grown in three dimensions (3D) on Matrigel, the nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A forms hollow, spherical acinar structures that maintain normal glandular features. Expression of oncogenes in these cells allows for the study of multiple aspects of tumor development in a 3D culture system. This study sought to examine the effects of LMP2 on the generation of MCF10A acini. LMP2 expression induced abnormal acini that were large, misshapen, and filled, indicating that LMP2 induced proliferation, impaired cellular polarization, and induced resistance to cell death, leading to luminal filling. Induction of cell death resistance required the PY, immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif (ITAM), and YEEA signaling domains of LMP2 and activation of the Src and Akt signaling pathways. The PY domain was required for the inhibition of anoikis and also the delayed proliferative arrest of the LMP2-expressing cells. In addition to directly altering acinus formation, expression of LMP2 also induced morphological and protein expression changes consistent with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a manner that required only the YEEA signaling motif of LMP2. These findings indicate that LMP2 has considerable transforming properties that are not evident in standard tissue culture and requires the ability of LMP2A to bind ubiquitin ligases and Src family kinases