To Analysis Various Factors as a Conclusion for the Success and Failure of the Village Panchayats

The present study counduted in Baghpat district in 2014. District Baghpat is one of the district of Uttar Pradesh, to measure the opinion of respondents found Majority i.e. 89.67%, 85.00%, 70.33% and 54.00% respondents have  mentioned that they are aware regarding, construction of house, toilet for poor people, construction of drainage, Panchayat Building and boundary wall of school, as a rural development work done by the Village Panchayat. As regards health and sanitation work data reveals majority i.e. 85.33%, 68.67%, 54.67% and 53.33% respondents have shown their awareness regarding work done by the Village Panchayat, vaccination for the prevention of polio, diarrhea and smallpox, de siltation of Village ponds, specially making Villagers to aware family planning and Removal of waste product respectively. Maximum i.e. 60.67%, 54.67%, 45.67%, 40.00% and 39.33% respondents were well acquainted so far the work for economic development by the Village Panchayat is concerned with special reference to arrangement of loan and pension for the poor, to trained village people for self employment, to organized self help group, to start fish production in village ponds, and to give village land on lease. Further revealed majority i.e. 70.33%, 63.00%, 61.33% 55.33% and 54.33% respondents in case of Gram Sabha and Village Panchayat had shown unhappiness so far as the work for agriculture development is carried out by the Village Panchayat with special reference to arrangement for improved agriculture equipment for villager, to arrange meetings of block officers and K.V.K. in village, to arrange for soil testing, arrange for seeds, fertilizer on cheap rate from co-operative store for villager and to arranged for vaccination to prevent animal disease of the respondents

Reduced Order Models for Beam-Wave Interaction in High Power Microwave Sources

We apply an asymptotic analysis to show that corrugated waveguides can be represented as cylindrical waveguides with smooth metamaterial coatings when the corrugtions are subwavelength. Here the metamaterial delivers an effective anisotropic surface impedance, effective dielectric constant, and imparts novel dispersive effects on signals traveling inside the waveguide. These properties arise from the subwavelength resonances of the metamaterial. For sufficiently deep corrugations, the waveguide exhibits backward wave propagation, which can be understood in the present context as a multi-scale phenomenon resulting from local resonances inside the subwavelength geometry. Our approach is well suited to numerical computation and we provide a systematic investigation of the effect of corrugation geometry on wave dispersion, group velocity, power flow, and gain factor per period

Microbial Degradation of Organic Wastes at Low Temperatures.

Microbial degradation of organic wastes mainly comprising animal and human wastes, is drastically reduced at extreme low temperatures. For the biodegradation of these wastes, technological inputs are required from disciplines like microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, digester modelling and heat transfer at extreme low temperature climates. Various steps in the process of biodegradation have to be studied to formulate an effective organic waste disposal method. Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes is preferred over aerobic waste treatment method, since it yields biogas as a by-product, which in turn can be utilised for heating the digester contents to increase its efficiency. Furthermore, one of the possibilities that can be explored is the utilisation of high rate anaerobic digesters which maintain temperature by means of artificial heating. It is either met by non-conventional energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, or by expending liquid fuels. In addition, insulation of the digester with polymeric materials and immobilisation of slow growing bacterial population may enhance the digester performance to a great extent. In spite of several developments, inoculum adaptation is considered to be one of the essential steps for low temperature anaerobic digestion to obtain methane as a by-product. With advancements in recombinant DNA technology, it may be possible to increase the efficiency of various microbial population that take part in the anaerobic digestion. However, till date, the options available for low temperature biodegradation are digester insulation, inoculum adaptation, and use of high rate/second-generation digesters

Psychrotrophic ~Iydrolytic Bacteria from Antarctica &,Other I. Low Temperature Habitats

Samples of water, soil,llake sediments and blue-green algal mats from Antarctica were'processed for enumeration, isolation and screening of psychrotrophic hydrolytic bacteria. Amylolytic bacteria were preponderant (75 per cent) in the blue-green algal htat samples. Protease, lipase, an1ylase and urerse producing/bacteria were also isolated from the samples. ,Biochemical characteristics indicated that the isolates ;mainly comprised Pseudomonas and Bacillus species. Proteases and lipases of antarctic bacterial strains preferably hydrolysed denatured protein substrate and water soluble monomeric synthetic lipid substrates, respectively

Bioactivity of Root Endophytic Freshwater Hyphomycetes Anguillospora longissima

Anguillospora longissima, isolated from root as endophytic freshwater hyphomycetes, was evaluated for its bioactivity (antibacterial potential) against five bacterial strains, namely, Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121) and Gram-negative (Agrobacterium tumefaciens MTCC 609, Escherichia coli MTCC 40, Erwinia chrysanthemum, and Xanthomonas pseudomonas). Antimicrobial activity was assessed by measuring the zone of inhibition with preliminary and secondary antimicrobial assays. The applied fungus was found significant for all tested bacterial strains as showen by their zone of inhibition. In preliminary antimicrobial assay, maximum zone of inhibition was recorded against Gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strain Escherichia coli (23 mm) followed by Erwinia chrysanthemi (22 mm), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (21 mm), and Xanthomonas phaseoli (21 mm), while minimum zone of inhibition was observed against Bacillus subtilis (20 mm). In secondary antimicrobial assay, the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded against Erwinia chrysanthemi (11 mm) followed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (10 mm), Xanthomonas phaseoli (10 mm), and Bacillus subtilis (9 mm) and minimum inhibition was found against Escherichia coli (8 mm)

To Study the Socio-Economic Profile of SBM Facilitate Respondents

The present study was conducted in Baghpat district of Uttar Pradesh. India covered with 17.5 per cent of the world population. The condition of, hygiene and sanitation, facility of drinking water was very gigantic since large decades. The irrelevant behavior in order to address this challenge was responsible for the many risks were faced by respondents. Through the study, it was found that maximum respondents 42.00% were found in middle age group (35-50 years), followed by 34.00% in old age group (50 year and above) remaining 24.00% in young age group (up to 35 year).The found majority of respondents 62.00% were male and 38.00%% were female, maximum number of respondents 50.00% belonged to other backward caste followed by 37.00% Schedule caste and the remaining were 13.00% general caste, the majority of respondents 64.00% were found literate and 36.00% respondents were found illiterate. The categories of literacy were found as 32.00%, 24.00%, 6.00% and 2.00% found up to primary, high school, graduated and post graduate respectively.  "Sanitation is more important than independence". Mahatma Gandhi    Cleanliness and sanitation were an integral part of Gandhian way of living. His dream was total sanitation for all. He used to emphasize that cleanliness is the most important for physical wellbeing and a healthy environment

Immunization against Clostridium perfringens cells elicits protection against Clostridium tetani in mouse model: identification of cross-reactive proteins using proteomic methodologies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Clostridium tetani </it>and <it>Clostridium perfringens </it>are among the medically important clostridial pathogens causing diseases in man and animals. Several homologous open reading frames (ORFs) have been identified in the genomes of the two pathogens by comparative genomic analysis. We tested a likelihood of extensive sharing of common epitopes between homologous proteins of these two medically important pathogens and the possibility of cross-protection using active immunization.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Eight predominant cross-reactive spots were identified by mass spectrometry and had hits in the <it>C. tetani </it>E88 proteome with significant MOWSE scores. Most of the cross-reactive proteins of <it>C. tetani </it>shared 65–78% sequence similarity with their closest homologues in <it>C. perfringens </it>ATCC13124. Electron transfer flavoprotein beta-subunit (CT3) was the most abundant protein (43.3%), followed by methylaspartate ammonia-lyase (36.8%) and 2-phosphoglycerate dehydratase (35.6%). All the proteins were predicted to be cytoplasmic by PSORT protein localization algorithm. Active immunization with <it>C. perfringens </it>whole cells elicited cross-protective immunity against <it>C. tetani </it>infection in a mouse model.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Most of the dominant cross-reactive proteins of <it>C. tetani </it>belonged to the cluster of orthologous group (COG) functional category, either of posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones (O) or energy production and conversion (C). The homologs of the identified proteins have been shown to play role in pathogenesis in other Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Our findings provide basis for the search of potential vaccine candidates with broader coverage, encompassing more than one pathogenic clostridial species.</p

Effect of Fluctuating Temperature Regime on Psychrophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Nightsoil

The effect of temperature fluctuation on anaerobic digestion of nightsoil using 10 °C adapted inoculum was studied. The digester was subjected to repeated temperature cycling of 10 °C and 30 °C. The total biogas, CH/sub 4/ and H/sub 2/S content, volatile fatty acids and microbial counts were compared with control digesters. No significant deleterious effect was noticed during initial temperature shock of one week. However, repeated exposures reduced the counts of hydrogenotrophic methanogens. There was no effect on the content of CH/sub 4/ and H/sub 2/S in the biogas

Plant-cyanobacteria Interaction: Phytotoxicity of Cyanotoxins

Cyanobacteria from freshwater and also from marine sources produce a wide array of toxic chemicals and secondary or bioactive metabolites. These are mainly nitrogen-rich alkaloids and peptides and are now identified as to pose threats both to human and environmental health as well as on aquatic and terrestrial plants. Irrigation of edible plants with Cyanobacteria containing water may pose threat of indirect exposure of human health to cyanotoxins via bio-accumulation of these toxins in plant tissues. Moreover, Cyanotoxins have been shown to inhibit plant growth and development. It has also been suggested that some of the compounds may have ecological roles as allelochemicals and can be used as potential biocides and even to combat malignant cells.  In this review, we highlight the different naturally occurring Cyanobacterial toxins popularly known as cyanotoxins and their interaction with plants with special emphasis on phytotoxic effects of cyanotoxins. Also, existing evidence for the positive taxis of plant-cyanobacteria interaction and potential for development and application of bioactive molecules from Cyanobacterial toxins are highlited. Key words: Cyanobacteria, toxins, phytotoxicity, allelopathy, biocide Jubilee Purkayastha. Plant-cyanobacteria Interaction: Phytotoxicity of Cyanotoxins.  J Phytol 2/7 (2010) 07-15

Biological Warfare Agents

There is a long historic record of use of biological warfare (BW) agents by warring countriesagainst their enemies. However, the frequency of their use has increased since the beginningof the twentieth century. World war I witnessed the use of anthrax agent against human beingsand animals by Germans, followed by large-scale field trials by Japanese against war prisonersand Chinese population during world war II. Ironically, research and development in biologicalwarfare agents increased tremendously after the Geneva Protocol, signed in 1925, because ofits drawbacks which were overcome by Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) in1972. Biological warfare programme took back seat after the 1972 convention but biologicalagents regained their importance after the bioterrorist attacks of anthrax powder in 2001. In thelight of these attacks, many of which turned out to be hoax, general awareness is required aboutbiological warfare agents that can be used against them. This review has been written highlightingimportant biological warfare agents, diseases caused by them, possible therapies and otherprotection measures