A Gender Comparison of Economists' Publications

An ordered probit model is used to examine the impact of gender and the quality of the PhD g ranting in stitution o n the publication r ecord of m ale an d f emale economists who received t heir doctorate i n 1985. This analysis indicates th at men an d women have different publ ication pa tterns regardless of where t hey r eceived t heir P hD and t hat the quality of t he P hD granting institution has n o m easurable effect o n an individual's publication record.gender, ordered probit model, journal publications

Failure to obtain adequate anaesthesia associated with a bifid mandibular canal: a case report

The document attached has been archived with permission from the Australian Dental Association. An external link to the publisher’s copy is included.The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block is the most common method for obtaining mandibular anaesthesia in dental practice but it is estimated to have a success rate of only 80 to 85 per cent. Causes of failure include problems with operator technique and anatomical variation between individuals. This case report involves a patient who received IAN blocks on two separate occasions that resulted in only partial anaesthesia of the ipsilateral side of the mandible. Radiographic assessment disclosed the presence of bifid mandibular canals that were present bilaterally and that may have affected the outcomes of the local anaesthetic procedures. Previous studies of bifid mandibular canals are reviewed and suggestions provided that should enable clinicians to differentially diagnose, and then manage, cases where IAN blocks result in inadequate mandibular anaesthesia.K Lew, G Townsen

LITHOLOGIC AND HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORKS FOR A CARBONATE AQUIFER: EVIDENCE FOR FACIES CONTROLLED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN THE OCALA FORMATION, WEST-CENTRAL FLORIDA.

Facies scale heterogeneity was found to be a dominant control on vertical hydraulic conductivity within the carbonate Late Eocene Ocala Formation of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in west-central Florida. Verification of this conclusion was achievedby establishing a sedimentary and stratigraphic framework for the Ocala Formation and establishing facies-vertical hydraulic conductivity (K2 ) relationships. This two-fold procedure enabled the construction of a hydrogeologic framework for this unit in west-central Florida. The framework, as first proposed here, suggests that the Ocala Formation is a hydrogeologically heterogeneous carbonate body. Logging of seventeen cores and review of more than 300 petrographic thin sections suggest that six wackestone facies , four packstone facies, and two grainstone facies make up the vast majority of Ocala lithologies. Three distinct and mappablesubdivisions or sequences of the Ocala Formation are recognized in west-central Florida and these appear to be correlatable to other Jackson stage sequences recognized elsewhere in the Gulf of Mexico. The three sequences and their component facies architectures indicate subtidal deposition on a distally steepened carbonate ramp during the Late Eocene.</p

Increasing the Resilience and Improving the Environmental Performance of Earthen Flood Defense Structures with High Performance Turf Reinforcement Mat Reinforced Vegetation

Adding resilience to earthen flood defense structures, such as dams and levees, is critical to future risk mitigation as building higher and stronger structures to prevent overtopping waves, storm surge, and flood waters becomes more prohibitive. To add resilience riprap, articulated concrete blocks, concrete slope paving, and other traditional hard armor solutions are often used typically at a great cost to the owner and the environment. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) sought to mitigate these costs when selecting an armoring system for the earthen levees in the 214 km (133 miles) of the Hurricane & Storm Damage Risk Reduction System for southeast Louisiana. The USACE armoring focus turned to High Performance Turf Reinforcement Mats (HPTRMs) after a levee armored with vegetation reinforced by this synthetic mat in Lafitte, Louisiana survived the storm surge and wave overtopping produced during Hurricane Ike in 2008. This success encouraged the USACE to begin a 10 year intensive research program to determine the hydraulic performance threshold, cost effectiveness, and long-term durability of vegetation reinforced by a HPTRM for adding resilience to the re-built levee system destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. Research at the Hydraulics Laboratory of Colorado State University has established the HPTRM reinforced vegetation performance in both outdoor flume testing and in the world’s largest, full scale Wave Overtopping Simulator. As a result of this research, this paper will focus on using hydraulic data to reposition HPTRMs as a suitable alternative to traditional hard erosion control solutions and explain the importance of key material properties when comparing different HPTRMs. This paper will show that HPTRMs with a more closed structure and a smaller percent vegetation establishment perform better than the more open HPTRMs with a higher percentage of vegetation establishment. More research is required to determine specific design guidelines for correlating percent HPTRM openness to vegetation densities in different soil types as it relates to hydraulic performance. Even with low vegetation densities, HPTRM reinforced vegetation provides improved environmental outcomes and lower carbon emissions when compared to traditional hard armor solutions. Countries around the world may benefit greatly from investing in HPTRM reinforced vegetation to provide resilience on earthen flood defenses as an alternate to traditional hard armor systems that are more expensive, less aesthetically pleasing, and more detrimental to the environment