Les perspectives de la recherche : patrimoine et architecture, urbanisme et paysages

Animé par Karen Bowie, ce débat doit permettre à chacun des participants de réagir aux propositions de nouvelles recherches faites par le comité scientifique de l’AHICF dans le domaine du patrimoine ferroviaire, de l’architecture, de l’urbanisme et des paysages. Il réunit François Loyer, directeur de recherche au CNRS, Evelyne Lohr, conservateur chargée de l’Inventaire au Service du patrimoine culturel du Département de Seine-Saint-Denis, Anne Hecker, géographe, maître de conférences à l’université de Nancy II, Jean-François Belhoste, directeur d’études à l’École pratique des hautes études, et Catherine Bergeal, sous-directrice de la Nature et des Paysages au ministère de l’Écologie. En introduction, F. Loyer remarque que le chemin de fer, loin de devenir obsolète comme on pouvait le penser dans les années 1960, est devenu le vecteur de la mobilité moderne. La notion de patrimoine se définit alors comme un passage de relais entre deux époques et non comme la nostalgie d’une culture matérielle disparue. Si patrimoine et architecture ont longtemps été antinomiques, comme urbanisme et paysage, on constate aujourd’hui des rapprochements qui renouvellent ces notions. Le débat devra donc inclure les paysages en rapport avec les chemins de fer, les abords du bâti, l’architecture des bâtiments et le design, « architecture sans site ». Chacun des participants expose les perspectives de son domaine de recherche. Evelyne Lohr analyse le rôle des emprises ferroviaires dans le territoire du département de la Seine-Saint-Denis concerné par de très importantes mutations. Elle montre comment, et avec quelles méthodes d’analyse rationnelle et documentée, le Service du patrimoine culturel contribue à la compréhension de ce territoire complexe et lui apporte une cohérence, en comprenant le patrimoine comme un moteur d’évolution et non un objet de nostalgie. Les directions de recherche sont multiples : impact des réseaux sur le territoire, chemin de fer comme facteur d’urbanisation, réutilisation de son patrimoine, paysages créés par le chemin de fer… Les problèmes posés par l’inventaire le sont autant, comme la méthode d’étude à appliquer à un patrimoine linéaire sur une portion de territoire, ou la reconnaissance d’un patrimoine technique parfois difficile à comprendre. Anne Hecker aborde, en termes de patrimoine, l’infrastructure ferroviaire, la voie ferrée et son emprise. Patrimoine linéaire étendu et aux caractères bien marqués (profil, tracé, modes de construction innovants, support de mémoire ouvrière et locale, conservatoire pour une faune et une flore remarquables), il reste méconnu. Pourtant, la question de sa conservation partielle, comme témoin et explication de l’évolution du paysage, doit être posée, dans la double perspective de sa valorisation par la réouverture de voies au trafic ou par la transformation de voies déferrées en équipements touristiques, vélos-routes et voies vertes. Cette dernière n’assure que rarement la préservation de l’image du passé ferroviaire et sa médiation au public. Les différentes solutions d’aménagement qui seront proposées doivent dans tous les cas s’appuyer sur la connaissance de ce patrimoine. J.-F. Belhoste revient pour sa part sur son expérience de vingt années au sein de l’Inventaire général et en particulier sur le rôle de la protection au titre des monuments historiques et de la politique du ministère de la Culture dans l’orientation des recherches et sur l’apport que ces préoccupations patrimoniales ont pu représenter pour la recherche dans le domaine des chemins de fer. Les recherches patrimoniales prenant pour point de départ la culture matérielle sont venues abonder la recherche historique plus large avec par exemple des avancées sur l’histoire des techniques de construction ou sur la notion de réseau, qui inclut désormais les installations qui permettent l’exploitation (comme les ateliers). Cependant, le rapport entre l’histoire des techniques et le patrimoine reste une question difficile, comme le montre le privilège donné aux architectes par rapport aux ingénieurs dans la définition de la valeur patrimoniale d’une œuvre. Enfin, l’évolution des institutions chargées de l’étude et de la protection du patrimoine, comme celle des acteurs du secteur ferroviaire, demande l’établissement de nouveaux rapports qui favorisent la recherche. En conclusion, C. Bergeal souligne combien, pour être vraiment durable et optimal par rapport au territoire, un aménagement nécessite sa connaissance approfondie. La question qui se pose est donc la façon dont nous pouvons aujourd’hui faire reconnaître un patrimoine partagé dans l’aménagement durable de nos territoires.Round table with Jean-François BELHOSTE, Catherine BERGEAL, Karen BOWIE, Anne HECKER, Evelyne LOHR and François LOYER Led by Karen Bowie, this discussion allowed each participant to respond to new research proposals from the AHICF academic committee in the areas of railway heritage, architecture, urbanism, and landscape. Grouped around the table were François Loyer, research director at the CNRS, Evelyne Lohr, inventory curator at the Service du patrimoine culturel for the department of Seine-Saint-Denis, Anne Hecker, a geographer and lecturer at the university of Nancy II, Jean-François Belhoste, senior researcher and study director at the Ecole pratique des hautes études, and Catherine Bergeal, director of Nature and Landscape at the Ministry of Ecology. By way of introduction, F. Loyer remarked that far from becoming obsolete as one might have thought in the 1960s, the railway has become the vector of modern mobility. Consequently, the notion of heritage defines itself not simply as nostalgia for a bygone material culture but as a passageway that links two different periods. If cultural heritage and architecture have long been opposed to each other, like urbanism and landscape, similarities are now being noticed that reconstruct these polar notions. As a result, the discu ssion must also include topics such as landscapes in relation to the railway, areas in the vicinity of construction, and design or “architecture without a site.” Each of the participants presented perspectives from their area of research. Evelyne Lohr analyzed the role of the railway’s territorial rights-of-way in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis, which has been affected by very important transformations. She demonstrated how and with which methods of rational and documentary analysis the Service du patrimoine culturel has contributed to an understanding of this complex territory and unified it, interpreting cultural heritage as a force for change and not as an object of nostalgia. Such research can take many directions: for instance, the impact of networks on territory, the railway as a factor of urbanization, the re-use of cultural heritage, and landscapes created by the railway. Such a list presents its own critical problematics, such as which method of study should be applied to heritage of railway lines over a specific parcel of territory, or how to acknowledge a technical heritage that is sometimes difficult to comprehend. Anne Hecker approaches railway infrastructure, the railway itself, and its hold in terms of cultural heritage. The patrimony of railway lines, epitomized by strongly inflected characteristics (profile, route, innovative methods of construction, a buttress for occupational and local recollections, a conservatory for remarkable flora and fauna) remains unknown. The issue of its partial preservation, however, as a marker and explanation of the evolution of the landscape, must be examined from the double perspective of its valorization through the reopening of routes to traffic or by the transformation of discontinued lines into tourist facilities, bike routes, and nature trails. The latter only rarely assure the preservation of the image of the railway’s past and its public mediation. The various planning solutions that will be proposed must be consistently based on knowledge of this cultural heritage. J.-F. Belhoste returned to his twenty years of experience working closely with the State Inventory Service, particularly addressing the role of protecting historical monuments and the Ministry of Culture’s policies regarding research directions and the contribution that patrimonial concerns represent for research in the field of railway studies. Taking material culture as its starting point, research on heritage has broadened the scope of historical research with advances in the history of construction techniques or the notion of the network, which from now on must include the installations that enable operations (like workshops). The relationship between the history of techniques and heritage, however, remains a delicate question, as demonstrated by the privilege granted to architects rather than engineers in defining the patrimonial value of a work. Finally, the evolution of the institutions responsible for studying and preserving this heritage, as well as changes that affect those who are involved with the railway sector, demands that new connections be created that favor and support research. In conclusion, C. Bergeal stressed how important intimate knowledge of a territory is for the longevity and optimal suitability of developmental planning The issue then becomes how we can acknowledge today a heritage that is shared by the long-term developmental planning of our regional landscape

Химические элементы в воде объектов водопользования бывшего Семипалатинского испытательного полигона как фактор экологического воздействия

Изучен элементный состав вод объектов водопользования расположенных на территории бывшего Семипалатинского испытательного полигона. Содержание U, Mo и Sr в изученных водах имеют превышения над средним составом подземных вод зон гипергенеза и континентального засоления. Выделены химические показатели и элементы превышающие ПДК это минерализация, общая жесткость, сульфаты, натрий и уран.The elemental composition of the water of odjects of water use in the territory of the former Semey test site was studied. The content of U, Mo and Sr in the studied waters has an excess over the average composition of groundwater in the areas of hypergenesis and continental salinization. Chemical indices and elements above MPC are identified as mineralization, total hardness, sulfates, sodium and uranium

Sublethal necroptosis signaling promotes inflammation and liver cancer

It is currently not well known how necroptosis and necroptosis responses manifest in vivo. Here, we uncovered a molecular switch facilitating reprogramming between two alternative modes of necroptosis signaling in hepatocytes, fundamentally affecting immune responses and hepatocarcinogenesis. Concomitant necrosome and NF-κB activation in hepatocytes, which physiologically express low concentrations of receptor-interacting kinase 3 (RIPK3), did not lead to immediate cell death but forced them into a prolonged "sublethal" state with leaky membranes, functioning as secretory cells that released specific chemokines including CCL20 and MCP-1. This triggered hepatic cell proliferation as well as activation of procarcinogenic monocyte-derived macrophage cell clusters, contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis. In contrast, necrosome activation in hepatocytes with inactive NF-κB-signaling caused an accelerated execution of necroptosis, limiting alarmin release, and thereby preventing inflammation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Consistently, intratumoral NF-κB-necroptosis signatures were associated with poor prognosis in human hepatocarcinogenesis. Therefore, pharmacological reprogramming between these distinct forms of necroptosis may represent a promising strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma

A Nexus Approach for the MENA Region—From Concept to Knowledge to Action

There is wide agreement that a nexus or integrated approach to managing and governing natural resources such as land, water, and energy can improve environmental, climate, human, and political security. However, few if any countries in the MENA region have made progress in implementing such an approach. There appear to be several constraints inhibiting the development and adoption of nexus approaches. These constraints include strong sectoral silos, insufficient incentives for integrated planning and policy making at all levels, and limited vision, knowledge, and practical experience to guide successful implementation. In turn, the limited implementation and hence lack of empirical evidence of a nexus approach, which could demonstrate its benefits, does little to strengthen political will for the development of adequate incentives, structures, and procedures. Against this backdrop, this paper presents five case studies which take an integrated approach, in three MENA countries, namely Jordan, Lebanon, and Morocco. Based on an analytical framework developed here, the paper analyses and compares the success factors for nexus implementation, and also for transfer and upscaling. The analysis emphasizes the need for appropriate framework conditions, targeted investments and pioneering actors, to make integrated approaches across sectors and levels work. With the evidence presented, the paper aims to set in motion a positive or virtuous cycle of generating more nexus evidence, improved framework conditions, further nexus implementation on the ground, and from that even more nexus evidence. Finally, the paper contributes to overcoming the repeated requests for better definition and conceptualization of the nexus, which often has slowed down adoption of the concept

Beyond national narratives? : centenary histories, the First World War and the Armenian Genocide

In April 2015 the centenary of the Armenian Genocide was commemorated. Just like the First World War centenary, this anniversary has provoked a flurry of academic and public interest in what remains a highly contested history. This article assesses the state of the current historiography on the fate of the Ottoman Armenians. It focuses on the possibilities for moving beyond the national narratives which continue to dominate the field, in particular through connecting the case of the Armenian Genocide to what has been termed a ‘transnational turn’ in the writing of the history of the First World War

Development and evaluation of an instrument for the critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials of natural products

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The efficacy of natural products (NPs) is being evaluated using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with increasing frequency, yet a search of the literature did not identify a widely accepted critical appraisal instrument developed specifically for use with NPs. The purpose of this project was to develop and evaluate a critical appraisal instrument that is sufficiently rigorous to be used in evaluating RCTs of conventional medicines, and also has a section specific for use with single entity NPs, including herbs and natural sourced chemicals.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Three phases of the project included: 1) using experts and a Delphi process to reach consensus on a list of items essential in describing the identity of an NP; 2) compiling a list of non-NP items important for evaluating the quality of an RCT using systematic review methodology to identify published instruments and then compiling item categories that were part of a validated instrument and/or had empirical evidence to support their inclusion and 3) conducting a field test to compare the new instrument to a published instrument for usefulness in evaluating the quality of 3 RCTs of a NP and in applying results to practice.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Two Delphi rounds resulted in a list of 15 items essential in describing NPs. Seventeen item categories fitting inclusion criteria were identified from published instruments for conventional medicines. The new assessment instrument was assembled based on content of the two lists and the addition of a Reviewer's Conclusion section. The field test of the new instrument showed good criterion validity. Participants found it useful in translating evidence from RCTs to practice.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A new instrument for the critical appraisal of RCTs of NPs was developed and tested. The instrument is distinct from other available assessment instruments for RCTs of NPs in its systematic development and validation. The instrument is ready to be used by pharmacy students, health care practitioners and academics and will continue to be refined as required.</p