Instrumentation for potentiostatic corrosion studies with distilled water

Corrosion is studied potentiostatically in the corroding environment of distilled water with an instrument that measures the potential of the corroding specimen immediately after interruption of the polarizing current. No current is flowing. The process permits compensation for IR drops when potentiostatic control is used in high resistance systems

Study of corrosion of 1100 aluminum

Corrosion of 1100 aluminum in oxygen-saturated water at 70 degrees C under experimental conditions was studied, emphasizing effects of exposure interruption, the number of specimens, and the refreshment rate. A logarithmic equation was derived to express the corrosion rate

Study of crevice-galvanic corrosion of aluminum

Corrosion effects of aluminum-copper and aluminum-nickel couples in oxygenated distilled water, and aluminum alloys in oxygenated copper sulfate solution were studied. One of each of the couples had a water tight seal, and showed no substantial corrosion, and of the unsealed couples, only the aluminum-copper developed corrosion

Self-Compassion as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Emotion Dysregulation and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms

A core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is emotion dysregulation (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Such dysregulation leads to emotions spiraling out of control, hindering reason, and leading to out-of-control maladaptive behaviors (Conklin, Bradley, Westen, 2006). Invalidating environments, coupled with biologically based emotional vulnerability, are thought to account for the development of BPD (Linehan, 1993). Self-compassion (SC) is in contrast to some common symptoms related to BPD, such as self-hatred, intense shame, and negative self-schemas. SC was tested as a potential moderating mechanism in the relationship between emotion dysregulation and BPD symptoms among a sample of college students. SC consists of self-kindness, an understanding of common humanity, and mindfulness (Neff, 2003a). It was hypothesized that SC would moderate the relationship of emotion dysregulation and BPD characteristics in a college sample, such that those with higher levels of SC will have lower BPD characteristics. Results from multiple regression analyses supported this hypothesis. Implications for this study include the incorporation of teaching self-compassion into treatments for individuals with emotion dysregulation and/or BPD

SELF-COMPASSION AND FEAR OF COMPASSION AS MEDIATORS IN THE RELATIONSHIPS OF CHILDHOOD INVALIDATION WITH EMOTION DYSREGULATION AND WITH BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER CHARACTERISTICS

According to Linehan’s (1993) biosocial theory, the core feature of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is emotion dysregulation, which arises from emotional vulnerability and an inability to effectively modulate emotional experiences. Linehan posits that the transaction of environmental invalidation with biological vulnerabilities leads to the development of BPD. Those with BPD often live painful, chaotic lives, experience extreme emotions and impulsivity, and engage in self-injurious behavior. While there are treatments with demonstrated effectiveness, they do not work for everyone, and there is a need to continue to advance interventions. Self-compassion is extending nonjudgmental kindness to one’s self during stress, failure, or suffering, and recognizing that suffering is a shared human experience (Neff, 2003a). Some people, however, fear compassion (Gilbert, Mcewan, Matos, & Rivis, 2011). The purpose of this study was to examine the potential mediating roles of self-compassion and fear of compassion in relationships between childhood invalidation with emotion dysregulation and BPD characteristics. The sample included 257 undergraduate students from the University of Montana. Participants completed self-report measures on BPD, emotion dysregulation, invalidation, self-compassion, and fear of compassion. Results from a parallel mediation analysis supported the study hypotheses. Specifically, self-compassion and fear of compassion for self were significant mediators in the relationships between childhood invalidation with both emotion dysregulation and BPD characteristics. Fear of compassion from others was found to be a mediator in the relationship between childhood invalidation and BPD characteristics. This study adds to a growing body of literature that seeks to identify factors contributing to the development and maintenance of BPD symptoms

Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms, Emotion Regulation, and Self-Compassion

People who meet criteria for Borderline personality disorder (BPD) typically experience a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotional experience, and have marked impulsivity (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The disorder affects approximately 2% of the general population, and is seen in 10% of outpatients and 20% of inpatients (APA, 2013). A core feature of BPD is emotion dysregulation: an inability to efficiently regulate emotions (APA, 2013). Such dysregulation leads to emotions spiraling out of control, hindering reason, and leading to out-of-control maladaptive behaviors (Conklin, Bradley, Westen, 2006). People with BPD also tend to experience self-hatred, intense shame, and negative self-schemas. Invalidating environments, coupled with biologically based emotional vulnerability, are thought to account for the development of BPD (Linehan, 1993). Self-compassion (SC) involves extending kindness toward oneself, having an understanding of common humanity (rather than feeling isolated) and being mindful (Neff, 2003). This study proposed that SC may be related to a decrease in BPD features as it relates to emotional dysregulation. It was hypothesized that SC would moderate the relationship between emotion dysregulation and BPD characteristics, such that those with higher levels of SC will have lower BPD characteristics, and those with lower levels of SC will have higher BPD characteristics, in the context of emotion dysregulation. Methods. Undergraduate University students, over the age of 18, enrolled in Psychology courses completed surveys during designated dates throughout the Spring, Summer, and Fall 2014 semesters (age: M=21.6, SD=5.5 , 82% White, 88% Heterosexual, 73% female). Participants completed the following measures: a demographic questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Affect Intensity Measure (AIM), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Borderline Symptom List (BSL). Simultaneous multiple regression was conducted to test two hypothesized models. In the first model, self-compassion (SCS) was tested as a moderator of the relationship between the predictor, emotion dysregulation (DERS), on the criterion, BPD characteristics (BSL). In the second model, self-compassion (SCS) was tested as a moderator of the relationship between the predictor, affect intensity (AIM), and the criterion, BPD characteristics (BSL). For exploratory purposes, self-esteem (RSES) was similarly independently tested as a moderator of the relationship between emotion regulation (DERS) and BPD characteristics (BSL), and of the relationship between affect intensity (AIM) and BPD characteristics (BSL). Results. Results from this study were in partial support of the stated hypotheses. Self-compassion (SCS) served as a moderator in the relationship between emotion dysregulation (DERS) and BPD characteristics (BSL), and this explained 38.2% of the variance, F(3, 286) = 60.483, p \u3c 0.05. Self-esteem (RSES) served as a moderator in the relationship between emotion dysregulation (DERS) and BPD characteristics (BSL), and this explained 41.5% of the variance, F(3, 286) = 67.330, p \u3c 0.05). The models utilizing AIM as a predictor were marginally significant or not significant. Conclusions. Self-compassion may help individuals who have a tendency toward emotion dysregulation from developing BPD symptoms. When a person who has a tendency toward emotion dysregulation experiences a difficult life experience, for example, if he/she has the ability to respond to that experience with self-compassion, he/she may be less likely to resort to impulsive or self-destructive behaviors. Self-esteem also served as a moderator such that those with higher, versus lower, levels of self-esteem reported lower levels of BPD characteristics. Self-esteem in this context should be studied further as Neff (2011) distinguishes between self-esteem and self-compassion in that self-esteem relies on self-evaluations and drawing social comparisons with others, both of which can be harmful in the long-run. Implications. Inclusion of the teaching of self-compassion practices into existing treatments may be useful for those with emotion dysregulation and/or BPD, or those with characteristics of BPD. Keywords: Borderline personality disorder, emotion regulation, self-compassio