Development, validity, and reliability of the parent-adolescent communication about adolescents’ social media use scale (PACAS)

Adolescents spend a substantial portion of their time using social media. Yet, there is a lack of understanding regarding how often parents and adolescents communicate about this social media use. To address this gap, we developed the Parent-Adolescent Communication about Adolescents’ Social Media Use Scale (PACAS). In a first data wave, among 388 Dutch adolescents (13–15 years; 54% girls), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses distinguished four scales: parental solicitation, adolescent disclosure, adolescent secrecy, and parental knowledge. All four scales had strong internal reliability and correlated in the expected directions. We re-established the validity and internal reliability and obtained test-retest reliability in a second wave, in which 330 adolescents were surveyed again. The findings show that parents and adolescents infrequently communicate about social media. Parental knowledge about adolescents’ social media use strongly depends on the communication efforts of both parties. Altogether, the PACAS provides a valuable tool to explore the dynamics of parent-adolescent communication about social media.</p

Development, validity, and reliability of the parent-adolescent communication about adolescents’ social media use scale (PACAS)

Adolescents spend a substantial portion of their time using social media. Yet, there is a lack of understanding regarding how often parents and adolescents communicate about this social media use. To address this gap, we developed the Parent-Adolescent Communication about Adolescents’ Social Media Use Scale (PACAS). In a first data wave, among 388 Dutch adolescents (13–15 years; 54% girls), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses distinguished four scales: parental solicitation, adolescent disclosure, adolescent secrecy, and parental knowledge. All four scales had strong internal reliability and correlated in the expected directions. We re-established the validity and internal reliability and obtained test-retest reliability in a second wave, in which 330 adolescents were surveyed again. The findings show that parents and adolescents infrequently communicate about social media. Parental knowledge about adolescents’ social media use strongly depends on the communication efforts of both parties. Altogether, the PACAS provides a valuable tool to explore the dynamics of parent-adolescent communication about social media.</p

Динаміка етнічного складу містечкового населення ХХ – початку ХХІ століття (на матеріалах Фастова)

Упродовж ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. етнічний склад Фастова, типового містечка українського Правобережжя, зазнав корінних змін. Євреї, які колись становили значний відсоток населення, на початок ХХІ ст. майже всі емігрували. Поляки асимілювалися українцями; разом з тим, враховуючи, що це були переважно нащадки сполонізованої української шляхти, відбулося в основному повернення їх до етнічності предків. У середині ХХ ст. в місті з’явилося багато росіян. Проте внаслідок пошлюблення їх з українцями та обирання дітьми від цих шлюбів після 1991 року української «національності» кількість росіян у Фастові дуже зменшилася. Українці перетворилися на стійку більшість.На протяжении ХХ – начала ХХІ в. этнический состав Фастова, типичного городка украинского Правобережья, подвергся коренным изменениям. Евреи, которые когда-то составляли значительную часть населения, к началу ХХI в. почти все эмигрируют. Поляки подвергаются ассимиляции со стороны украинцев; вместе с тем, учитывая, что это были преимущественно потомки ополяченной украинской шляхты, имело место, в основном, возвращение их к этничности предков. В середине ХХ в. в городе появляется значительное количество русских. Однако вследствие их браков с украинцами и выбора их детьми после 1991 года украинской «национальности» численность русских в Фастове очень сократилась. Украинцы стали стойким большинством.The ethnical composition of Fastiv, a typical Ukrainian Right-Bank Ukraine provincial town, has been subject to fundamental changes through the centuries. The H ebrews making firstly a considerable percent of Fastiv population have almost emigrated by the beginning of the XXIst century. The P oles have been assimilated by the Ukrainians. At the same time, taking into account that the latter were mainly P olonized Ukrainian noblemen’s descendants, there was chiefly their return to the antecedents’ ethnicity. A lot of the Russians has come to the town in the middle XXth century, however due to the marriages with the Ukrainians and their children’s identification with Ukrainian ethnicity after the 1991 events the Fastiv Russians’ amount greatly decreased and the Ukrainians became a proof majority

Лексическая интерференция в южноафриканском варианте английского языка

Статья посвящена особенностям лексической интерференции в южноафриканском варианте английского языка. В качестве главной причины интерференции называется отсутствие в английском языке экспрессивных или функциональных средств, прежде всего, в следующих аспектах: физико-географических особенностей Южной Африки, политико-административных структурах, особенностей быта, имен собственных. Лексический дефицит восполняется заимствованиями из языка африкаанс. В статье приводится классификация данных заимствований на материале анализа документальных источников.Стаття присвячена особливостям лексичної інтерференції в південноафриканському варіанті англійської мови. В якості головної причини інтерференції називається відсутність в англійської мові експресивних або функціональних засобів, по-перше, в наступних аспектах: фізико-географічних особливостях Південної Африки, політико-адміністративних структурах, особливостях побуту, загальних імен. Лексичний дефіцит поповнюється запозичаннями з мови африкаанс. В статті приводиться класифікація даних запозичень на матеріалі аналізу документальних джерел.The article deals with lexical interference in South-African English. It is suggested that such interference is mainly caused by the lack of expressive and/or functional means in the English language in several areas of life. Such areas are specified as: physical/geographical features of Southern Africa, political-administrative structures, basic life-ways, and proper names. Deficiency of the English language in these areas results in borrowing words from Afrikaans and other languages

The effect of social media on well-being differs from adolescent to adolescent

The question whether social media use benefits or undermines adolescents’ well-being is an important societal concern. Previous empirical studies have mostly established across-the-board effects among (sub)populations of adolescents. As a result, it is still an open question whether the effects are unique for each individual adolescent. We sampled adolescents’ experiences six times per day for one week to quantify differences in their susceptibility to the effects of social media on their momentary affective well-being. Rigorous analyses of 2,155 real-time assessments showed that the association between social media use and affective well-being differs strongly across adolescents: While 44% did not feel better or worse after passive social media use, 46% felt better, and 10% felt worse. Our results imply that person-specific effects can no longer be ignored in research, as well as in prevention and intervention programs

Adolescent perceptions of parental privacy invasion and adolescent secrecy:An illustration of Simpson's paradox

Adolescents' secrecy is intertwined with perception of parents' behaviors as acts of privacy invasion. It is currently untested, however, how this transactional process operates at the within-person level-where these causal processes take place. Dutch adolescents (n = 244, Mage = 13.84, 38.50% boys) reported three times on perceived parental privacy invasion and secrecy. Cross-lagged panel models (CLPM) confirmed earlier findings. Privacy invasion predicted increased secrecy, but a reverse effect was found from increased secrecy to increased privacy invasion. Controlling for confounding positive group-level associations with a novel random intercept CLPM, negative within-person associations were found. Higher levels of secrecy predicted lower levels of privacy invasive behaviors at the within-person level. These opposing findings within- versus between-persons illustrate a Simpson's paradox

Within-family associations of parent–adolescent relationship quality and adolescent affective well-being

Background: Parent–adolescent relationship quality is theorized to be an important correlate of adolescent affective well-being. Little is known about the within-family processes underlying parent–adolescent relationship quality and affective well-being over a period of months. This three-wave, preregistered study examined within- and between-family associations between parent–adolescent relationship quality (support and conflict) and adolescent well-being (negative and positive affect). In addition, we examined whether the associations differed between mothers and fathers, and for adolescents' affective well-being in different social contexts (at home, at school, with peers). Methods: The sample consisted of 244 Dutch adolescents (61.5% girls; age range: 12–17 years; mean age = 13.8 years). Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were used. Results: At the between-family level, higher levels of support and lower levels of conflict were associated with higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect. At the within-family level, increases in support and decreases in conflict were concurrently associated with increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect. More parent–adolescent conflict than typical also predicted increases in negative affect, 3 months later, and more negative affect and less positive affect than typical predicted increased conflict, 3 months later. These within-family effects were largely similar for fathers and mothers. Associations for conflict occurred through bidirectional processes: Parent–adolescent conflict shaped and was shaped by adolescents' emotions at home, at school, and with peers. Conclusion: Results suggest that parent–adolescent relationship quality (especially conflict) and adolescent affective well-being cofluctuate and predict each other over time within families.</p

Within-family associations of parent–adolescent relationship quality and adolescent affective well-being

Background: Parent–adolescent relationship quality is theorized to be an important correlate of adolescent affective well-being. Little is known about the within-family processes underlying parent–adolescent relationship quality and affective well-being over a period of months. This three-wave, preregistered study examined within- and between-family associations between parent–adolescent relationship quality (support and conflict) and adolescent well-being (negative and positive affect). In addition, we examined whether the associations differed between mothers and fathers, and for adolescents' affective well-being in different social contexts (at home, at school, with peers). Methods: The sample consisted of 244 Dutch adolescents (61.5% girls; age range: 12–17 years; mean age = 13.8 years). Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were used. Results: At the between-family level, higher levels of support and lower levels of conflict were associated with higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect. At the within-family level, increases in support and decreases in conflict were concurrently associated with increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect. More parent–adolescent conflict than typical also predicted increases in negative affect, 3 months later, and more negative affect and less positive affect than typical predicted increased conflict, 3 months later. These within-family effects were largely similar for fathers and mothers. Associations for conflict occurred through bidirectional processes: Parent–adolescent conflict shaped and was shaped by adolescents' emotions at home, at school, and with peers. Conclusion: Results suggest that parent–adolescent relationship quality (especially conflict) and adolescent affective well-being cofluctuate and predict each other over time within families.</p

Parent–adolescent interaction quality and adolescent affect:An experience sampling study on effect heterogeneity

Person–environment interactions might ultimately drive longer term development. This experience sampling study (Data collection: 2019/20 the Netherlands) assessed short‐term linkages between parent–adolescent interaction quality and affect during 2281 interactions of 124 adolescents (M (age) = 15.80, SD (age )= 1.69, 59% girls, 92% Dutch, Education: 25% low, 31% middle, 35% high, 9% other). Adolescents reported on parent–adolescent interaction quality (i.e., warmth and conflict) and momentary positive and negative affect five to six times a day, for 14 days. Preregistered dynamic structural equation models (DSEM) revealed within‐family associations between parent–adolescent interaction quality and adolescent affect (concurrently: r = −.22 to .39; lagged effects: ß = −.17 to .15). These effects varied significantly between families. These findings stress the need for more person‐specific research on parenting processes