Immunomodulation of the Tumor Microenvironment: Turn Foe Into Friend

Immunotherapy, where the patient's own immune system is exploited to eliminate tumor cells, has become one of the most prominent new cancer treatment options in the last decade. The main hurdle for classical cancer vaccines is the need to identify tumor- and patient specific antigens to include in the vaccine. Therefore, in situ vaccination represents an alternative and promising approach. This type of immunotherapy involves the direct intratumoral administration of different immunomodulatory agents and uses the tumor itself as the source of antigen. The ultimate aim is to convert an immunodormant tumor microenvironment into an immunostimulatory one, enabling the immune system to eradicate all tumor lesions in the body. In this review we will give an overview of different strategies, which can be exploited for the immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment and their emerging role in the treatment of cancer patients

War crimes research symposium : terrorism on trial (tape 1 of 4)

Lecture series 2004-05. Symposium presented at Franklin Thomas Backus School of Law (Case Law School) on Friday, Oct. 8, 2004. Symposium co-chairs: Professor Michael P. Scharf (director, Frederick K. Cox International Law Center) and Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces; visiting professor at Case Law School) Panelists: KEYNOTE ADDRESS: David Andrews (senior vice president of government affairs, PepsiCo Inc. & legal adviser to the U.S. Department of State during the Clinton administration); PANEL ONE: Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces, visiting professor), Mark Drumbl (professor, Washington & Lee College of Law), Mary Ellen O\u27Connell (professor, Ohio State University College of Law); LUNCH PANEL: Nickolas Rostow (Chief Counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.), Alex Schmid (Senior crime prevention & criminal justice officer, terrorism prevention branch, U.N., Vienna, Austria), Bruce Broomhall, (professor of criminal law, University of Quebec); PANEL THREE: Robert Black (Queens Counsel, Professor of Scots Law, University of Edinburgh), Julian Knowles (Barrister at law, Matrix Chambers, London, England & Lockerbie Appeal Defense Counsel); Steve Emerson (Executive director, Investigate Project & author, The Fall of Pan Am 103 ); PANEL FOUR: Mark Zaid (Plaintiffs\u27 counsel representing victims\u27 families, Pan Am 103 v. Libya), Robert Mirone (Lead Defense Counsel for Libya, Pan Am 103 civil proceedings), Alan Gerson (author, The price of terror & former assistant attorney general & chief counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.); PANEL FIVE: Jonathan Leiken (Professor, Case School of Law, former Assistant U.S. Attorney, SDNY), Andrew McCarthy (former chief prosecutor, WTC bombing case), Toni Locy (Journalist, USA Today), Greg Noone (Program officer, U.S. Institute of Peace), Judge Evan Wallach (Court of International Trade), Scott Silliman (Professor & executive director, Duke University Center on Law, Ethics, & National Security) Contents: panel 1: use of force versus use of courts in the war on terrorism -- lunch panel: Is terrorism worth defining? -- panel 3: lessons learned from the Pan Am 103 bombing trial -- panel 4: suing terrorists in U.S. court -- panel 5: the trials of al Qaeda: federal court versus military commissio

War crimes research symposium : terrorism on trial (tape 3 of 4)

Lecture series 2004-05. Symposium presented at Franklin Thomas Backus School of Law (Case Law School) on Friday, Oct. 8, 2004. Symposium co-chairs: Professor Michael P. Scharf (director, Frederick K. Cox International Law Center) and Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces; visiting professor at Case Law School) Panelists: KEYNOTE ADDRESS: David Andrews (senior vice president of government affairs, PepsiCo Inc. & legal adviser to the U.S. Department of State during the Clinton administration); PANEL ONE: Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces, visiting professor), Mark Drumbl (professor, Washington & Lee College of Law), Mary Ellen O\u27Connell (professor, Ohio State University College of Law); LUNCH PANEL: Nickolas Rostow (Chief Counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.), Alex Schmid (Senior crime prevention & criminal justice officer, terrorism prevention branch, U.N., Vienna, Austria), Bruce Broomhall, (professor of criminal law, University of Quebec); PANEL THREE: Robert Black (Queens Counsel, Professor of Scots Law, University of Edinburgh), Julian Knowles (Barrister at law, Matrix Chambers, London, England & Lockerbie Appeal Defense Counsel); Steve Emerson (Executive director, Investigate Project & author, The Fall of Pan Am 103 ); PANEL FOUR: Mark Zaid (Plaintiffs\u27 counsel representing victims\u27 families, Pan Am 103 v. Libya), Robert Mirone (Lead Defense Counsel for Libya, Pan Am 103 civil proceedings), Alan Gerson (author, The price of terror & former assistant attorney general & chief counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.); PANEL FIVE: Jonathan Leiken (Professor, Case School of Law, former Assistant U.S. Attorney, SDNY), Andrew McCarthy (former chief prosecutor, WTC bombing case), Toni Locy (Journalist, USA Today), Greg Noone (Program officer, U.S. Institute of Peace), Judge Evan Wallach (Court of International Trade), Scott Silliman (Professor & executive director, Duke University Center on Law, Ethics, & National Security) Contents: panel 1: use of force versus use of courts in the war on terrorism -- lunch panel: Is terrorism worth defining? -- panel 3: lessons learned from the Pan Am 103 bombing trial -- panel 4: suing terrorists in U.S. court -- panel 5: the trials of al Qaeda: federal court versus military commissio

War crimes research symposium : terrorism on trial (tape 3 of 4)

Lecture series 2004-05. Symposium presented at Franklin Thomas Backus School of Law (Case Law School) on Friday, Oct. 8, 2004. Symposium co-chairs: Professor Michael P. Scharf (director, Frederick K. Cox International Law Center) and Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces; visiting professor at Case Law School) Panelists: KEYNOTE ADDRESS: David Andrews (senior vice president of government affairs, PepsiCo Inc. & legal adviser to the U.S. Department of State during the Clinton administration); PANEL ONE: Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces, visiting professor), Mark Drumbl (professor, Washington & Lee College of Law), Mary Ellen O\u27Connell (professor, Ohio State University College of Law); LUNCH PANEL: Nickolas Rostow (Chief Counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.), Alex Schmid (Senior crime prevention & criminal justice officer, terrorism prevention branch, U.N., Vienna, Austria), Bruce Broomhall, (professor of criminal law, University of Quebec); PANEL THREE: Robert Black (Queens Counsel, Professor of Scots Law, University of Edinburgh), Julian Knowles (Barrister at law, Matrix Chambers, London, England & Lockerbie Appeal Defense Counsel); Steve Emerson (Executive director, Investigate Project & author, The Fall of Pan Am 103 ); PANEL FOUR: Mark Zaid (Plaintiffs\u27 counsel representing victims\u27 families, Pan Am 103 v. Libya), Robert Mirone (Lead Defense Counsel for Libya, Pan Am 103 civil proceedings), Alan Gerson (author, The price of terror & former assistant attorney general & chief counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.); PANEL FIVE: Jonathan Leiken (Professor, Case School of Law, former Assistant U.S. Attorney, SDNY), Andrew McCarthy (former chief prosecutor, WTC bombing case), Toni Locy (Journalist, USA Today), Greg Noone (Program officer, U.S. Institute of Peace), Judge Evan Wallach (Court of International Trade), Scott Silliman (Professor & executive director, Duke University Center on Law, Ethics, & National Security) Contents: panel 1: use of force versus use of courts in the war on terrorism -- lunch panel: Is terrorism worth defining? -- panel 3: lessons learned from the Pan Am 103 bombing trial -- panel 4: suing terrorists in U.S. court -- panel 5: the trials of al Qaeda: federal court versus military commissio

War crimes research symposium : terrorism on trial (tape 4 of 4)

Lecture series 2004-05. Symposium presented at Franklin Thomas Backus School of Law (Case Law School) on Friday, Oct. 8, 2004. Symposium co-chairs: Professor Michael P. Scharf (director, Frederick K. Cox International Law Center) and Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces; visiting professor at Case Law School) Panelists: KEYNOTE ADDRESS: David Andrews (senior vice president of government affairs, PepsiCo Inc. & legal adviser to the U.S. Department of State during the Clinton administration); PANEL ONE: Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces, visiting professor), Mark Drumbl (professor, Washington & Lee College of Law), Mary Ellen O\u27Connell (professor, Ohio State University College of Law); LUNCH PANEL: Nickolas Rostow (Chief Counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.), Alex Schmid (Senior crime prevention & criminal justice officer, terrorism prevention branch, U.N., Vienna, Austria), Bruce Broomhall, (professor of criminal law, University of Quebec); PANEL THREE: Robert Black (Queens Counsel, Professor of Scots Law, University of Edinburgh), Julian Knowles (Barrister at law, Matrix Chambers, London, England & Lockerbie Appeal Defense Counsel); Steve Emerson (Executive director, Investigate Project & author, The Fall of Pan Am 103 ); PANEL FOUR: Mark Zaid (Plaintiffs\u27 counsel representing victims\u27 families, Pan Am 103 v. Libya), Robert Mirone (Lead Defense Counsel for Libya, Pan Am 103 civil proceedings), Alan Gerson (author, The price of terror & former assistant attorney general & chief counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.); PANEL FIVE: Jonathan Leiken (Professor, Case School of Law, former Assistant U.S. Attorney, SDNY), Andrew McCarthy (former chief prosecutor, WTC bombing case), Toni Locy (Journalist, USA Today), Greg Noone (Program officer, U.S. Institute of Peace), Judge Evan Wallach (Court of International Trade), Scott Silliman (Professor & executive director, Duke University Center on Law, Ethics, & National Security) Contents: panel 1: use of force versus use of courts in the war on terrorism -- lunch panel: Is terrorism worth defining? -- panel 3: lessons learned from the Pan Am 103 bombing trial -- panel 4: suing terrorists in U.S. court -- panel 5: the trials of al Qaeda: federal court versus military commissio

War crimes research symposium : terrorism on trial (tape 2 of 4)

Lecture series 2004-05. Symposium presented at Franklin Thomas Backus School of Law (Case Law School) on Friday, Oct. 8, 2004. Symposium co-chairs: Professor Michael P. Scharf (director, Frederick K. Cox International Law Center) and Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces; visiting professor at Case Law School) Panelists: KEYNOTE ADDRESS: David Andrews (senior vice president of government affairs, PepsiCo Inc. & legal adviser to the U.S. Department of State during the Clinton administration); PANEL ONE: Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces, visiting professor), Mark Drumbl (professor, Washington & Lee College of Law), Mary Ellen O\u27Connell (professor, Ohio State University College of Law); LUNCH PANEL: Nickolas Rostow (Chief Counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.), Alex Schmid (Senior crime prevention & criminal justice officer, terrorism prevention branch, U.N., Vienna, Austria), Bruce Broomhall, (professor of criminal law, University of Quebec); PANEL THREE: Robert Black (Queens Counsel, Professor of Scots Law, University of Edinburgh), Julian Knowles (Barrister at law, Matrix Chambers, London, England & Lockerbie Appeal Defense Counsel); Steve Emerson (Executive director, Investigate Project & author, The Fall of Pan Am 103 ); PANEL FOUR: Mark Zaid (Plaintiffs\u27 counsel representing victims\u27 families, Pan Am 103 v. Libya), Robert Mirone (Lead Defense Counsel for Libya, Pan Am 103 civil proceedings), Alan Gerson (author, The price of terror & former assistant attorney general & chief counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.); PANEL FIVE: Jonathan Leiken (Professor, Case School of Law, former Assistant U.S. Attorney, SDNY), Andrew McCarthy (former chief prosecutor, WTC bombing case), Toni Locy (Journalist, USA Today), Greg Noone (Program officer, U.S. Institute of Peace), Judge Evan Wallach (Court of International Trade), Scott Silliman (Professor & executive director, Duke University Center on Law, Ethics, & National Security) Contents: panel 1: use of force versus use of courts in the war on terrorism -- lunch panel: Is terrorism worth defining? -- panel 3: lessons learned from the Pan Am 103 bombing trial -- panel 4: suing terrorists in U.S. court -- panel 5: the trials of al Qaeda: federal court versus military commissio

War crimes research symposium : terrorism on trial (tape 1 of 4)

Lecture series 2004-05. Symposium presented at Franklin Thomas Backus School of Law (Case Law School) on Friday, Oct. 8, 2004. Symposium co-chairs: Professor Michael P. Scharf (director, Frederick K. Cox International Law Center) and Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces; visiting professor at Case Law School) Panelists: KEYNOTE ADDRESS: David Andrews (senior vice president of government affairs, PepsiCo Inc. & legal adviser to the U.S. Department of State during the Clinton administration); PANEL ONE: Lt. Col. Amos Guiora (Israel defense forces, visiting professor), Mark Drumbl (professor, Washington & Lee College of Law), Mary Ellen O\u27Connell (professor, Ohio State University College of Law); LUNCH PANEL: Nickolas Rostow (Chief Counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.), Alex Schmid (Senior crime prevention & criminal justice officer, terrorism prevention branch, U.N., Vienna, Austria), Bruce Broomhall, (professor of criminal law, University of Quebec); PANEL THREE: Robert Black (Queens Counsel, Professor of Scots Law, University of Edinburgh), Julian Knowles (Barrister at law, Matrix Chambers, London, England & Lockerbie Appeal Defense Counsel); Steve Emerson (Executive director, Investigate Project & author, The Fall of Pan Am 103 ); PANEL FOUR: Mark Zaid (Plaintiffs\u27 counsel representing victims\u27 families, Pan Am 103 v. Libya), Robert Mirone (Lead Defense Counsel for Libya, Pan Am 103 civil proceedings), Alan Gerson (author, The price of terror & former assistant attorney general & chief counsel, U.S. Mission to the U.N.); PANEL FIVE: Jonathan Leiken (Professor, Case School of Law, former Assistant U.S. Attorney, SDNY), Andrew McCarthy (former chief prosecutor, WTC bombing case), Toni Locy (Journalist, USA Today), Greg Noone (Program officer, U.S. Institute of Peace), Judge Evan Wallach (Court of International Trade), Scott Silliman (Professor & executive director, Duke University Center on Law, Ethics, & National Security) Contents: panel 1: use of force versus use of courts in the war on terrorism -- lunch panel: Is terrorism worth defining? -- panel 3: lessons learned from the Pan Am 103 bombing trial -- panel 4: suing terrorists in U.S. court -- panel 5: the trials of al Qaeda: federal court versus military commissio