Mortality in premature mice at birth and during neonatal development

International audienc

Somatic development in premature mice from birth to weaning

International audienc

Les réseaux sociaux comme source d’information sur la contraception chez les sujets de 18 à 25 ans en Haute-Savoie

Introduction. In 2018, 94% of 18-24 year olds went to social media. 15% of French people exchanged on social media and forums for their health. In addition, 92% of women affected by contraception had one. However, the rate of abortion increased by 3% compared to the previous year with a maximum rate among 20-24 year olds. With more and more patients being connected, the main objective of this work was to quantify the use of social media by subjects aged 18 to 25 in Haute-Savoie to seek contraceptive information. Materials and Methods. Quantitative descriptive epidemiological study conducted by anonymous paper questionnaires between June and October 2019 in Haute-Savoie with subjects aged 18-25. The primary outcome was the number of subjects who have used social media at least once to seek contraceptive information. Results. Out of 302 subjects included, 43.05% consulted the social media at least once for contraception after standardization. Women and 18-19 year olds were in the majority. Pill, condom and copper intrauterine device were the three main contraceptives. YouTube, Facebook and Instagram were the three main social media used and considered to be the most reliable. 74.6% had received contraceptive information by chance. Subjects rated social media "neither reliable nor unreliable" for contraception. 58.6% wanted the creation of a dedicated social media. 54% used the internet for contraception. The subjects were "somewhat satisfied" with the contraceptive information found on the Internet and the social media. Conclusion. A social media dedicated to contraception could represent an attractive platform for contraceptive education purposes. Social media appear to be the partners of choice for the doctor and advising them would demonstrate the complementarity of these sources. With digital developments, the adaptation of medical practices seems inevitable.Introduction. En 2018, 94% des 18-24 ans allaient sur les réseaux sociaux. 15% des français échangeaient sur les réseaux sociaux et forums pour leur santé. Par ailleurs, 92% des femmes concernées par la contraception en avaient une. Pourtant, le taux d’interruptions volontaires de grossesse a augmenté de 3% par rapport à l’année précédente avec un taux maximal chez les 20-24 ans. Devant une patientèle de plus en plus connectée, ce travail a eu pour objectif principal de quantifier l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux par les sujets de 18 à 25 ans en Haute Savoie pour rechercher de l’information contraceptive. Matériel et Méthode. Étude épidémiologique descriptive quantitative menée par questionnaires papiers anonymes entre juin et octobre 2019 en Haute-Savoie chez les sujets de 18-25 ans. Le critère de jugement principal était le nombre de sujets ayant utilisé au moins une fois les réseaux sociaux pour rechercher de l’information contraceptive. Résultats. Sur 302 sujets inclus, 43,05% ont consulté au moins une fois les réseaux sociaux pour la contraception après standardisation. Les femmes et les 18-19 ans étaient majoritaires. Pilule, préservatif et dispositif intra-utérin au cuivre étaient les trois principaux contraceptifs. YouTube, Facebook et Instagram étaient les trois principaux réseaux sociaux utilisés et considérés comme les plus fiables. 74,6% avaient eu l’information contraceptive par hasard. Les sujets jugeaient les réseaux sociaux « ni fiables ni non fiables » pour la contraception. 58,6% souhaitaient la création d’un réseau social dédié. 54% consultaient Internet pour la contraception. Les sujets étaient « plutôt satisfaits » par l’information contraceptive trouvée sur Internet et les réseaux sociaux. Conclusion. Un réseau social dédié à la contraception pourrait représenter une plateforme attrayante pour des interventions d'éducation contraceptive. Les réseaux sociaux apparaissent comme des partenaires de choix pour le médecin et les conseiller témoignerait de la complémentarité de ces sources. Avec les évolutions numériques, l’adaptation des pratiques médicales parait inéluctable

Inhibition of evoked acetylcholine release: two different mechanisms in the Torpedo electric organ

The action of agents inhibiting evoked transmitter release was investigated by analysing the Ca2+ secretion relationship, electrophysiologically and biochemically, and by measuring the stimulation-induced 45Ca accumulation in the tissue. Transmitter release saturated at external Ca2+ concentrations higher than 4 mM, the releasing mechanism probably being the limiting step. Antagonists of Ca2+ entry (Mg2+, Cd2+, diltiazem) decreased the sensitivity of acetylcholine release to Ca2+, acting as competitive inhibitors, and reduced the stimulation-induced 45Ca accumulation. Quinacrine produced similar effects, indicating that it interacts primarily with Ca2+ entry. In contrast, oxotremorine and adenosine depressed transmitter release proportionally at all Ca2+ concentrations, acting as non-competitive inhibitors, and did not modify the stimulation-induced 45Ca accumulation. Their inhibitory effects were additive and reflected a decrease in the quantal content of the responses evoked. It is concluded that both drugs inhibit cholinergic transmission in the electric organ without altering Ca2+ entry into the nerve endings

Energy metabolism and quantal acetylcholine release: effects of botulinum toxin, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and diamide in the Torpedo electric organ

In the Torpedo electric organ, a modified nerve-muscle system, type A botulinum toxin blocked the release of acetylcholine (ACh) quanta, both neurally evoked and spontaneous. At the same time, the toxin increased the release of a class of small miniature potentials (the subminiature potentials), reduced the ATP and more the creatine phosphate content of the tissue, and impaired the activity of creatine kinase (CK). Thus, we compared this pattern of changes with those provoked by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB), an efficient inhibitor of CK. As expected, FDNB rapidly inactivated CK, which resulted in a profound depletion of ATP whereas the stores of creatine phosphate were preserved. In addition, FDNB caused conspicuous morphological alterations of nerve endings and ACh depletion. This agent also suppressed evoked and spontaneous quantal release whereas the occurrence of subminature potentials was markedly increased. Diamide, a penetrating thiol oxidizing substance, provoked first a transient rise in quantal ACh release and then blockade of transmission with, again, production of a large number of subminiature potentials. Creatine phosphate was depleted in the tissue by diamide, the ATP content reduced, and CK activity partly inhibited. The morphology of nerve terminals did not show obvious changes with either diamide or botulinum toxin at the stage of transmission failure. Although the three poisons acted by different mechanisms, this resulted in a rather similar pattern of physiological changes: failure of quantal release and enhancement of subquantal release. These results and experiments on synaptosomes indicated that CK inhibition was probably a crucial mechanism for FDNB but not for diamide or botulinum intoxication

Type A botulinum toxin disorganizes quantal acetylcholine release and inhibits energy metabolism

The physiological, morphological and biochemical effects of type A Botulinum toxin (BoTX) were analysed in the electric organ of Torpedo, a modified neuromuscular system. The quantal content of the postsynaptic potential, or electroplaque potential (EPP), was reduced by BoTX but the quantum size remained unchanged till complete failure of the neurally evoked transmission. BoTX also suppressed the occurrence of spontaneous electroplaque potentials (MEPPs) of a quantal size but potentials of a smaller amplitude still kept on occurring in the intoxicated synapses. BoTX inhibited the evoked release of acetylcholine (ACh; biochemically measured) but the rate of spontaneous ACh release transiently increased during the period when evoked release went down. On the other hand, there were no significant change of ACh content, of ACh turnover, of ACh repartition in the vesicular and free compartments, or in the number of synaptic vesicles. Surprisingly, the amount of ATP was reduced to 50% in BoTX treated tissue at the time of transmission failure; also the level of creatine phosphate (CrP) was lowered to less than 20% and the rate of activity of creatine kinase was reduced. It was concluded that, electrophysiologically, BoTX affects synaptic transmission in a very similar way in the electric organ and in the neuromuscular junctions. On the other hand, the shortage of ATP supply found in the present study may play a role in the pathophysiology of intoxication and should be taken into account in investigations designed to see whether BoTX affects various phosphorylations in cholinergic nerve terminals

''Clinical interest of bone marrow aspiration in rheumatology: a practice-based observational study of 257 bone marrow aspirations''

Loctin, Amelie | Bailly, Francois | Laroche, Davy | Tavernier, Christian | Maillefert, Jean-Francis | Ornetti, PaulInternational audience''Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) can be performed by rheumatologists for diagnostic purposes in clinical practice. The aim of the study was to assess professional practices of hospital-based rheumatologists with regard to BMA in order to identify the relevant indications. A retrospective observational study in patients hospitalised in a French university hospital was conducted between 2005 and 2011. All of the patients who had a BMA in the rheumatology department during the study period were included. Clinical indication, number and results of BMA and of bone marrow biopsy (BMB) were collected. Stage and treatment of the haematological disease implemented following the BMA were described. Two hundred fifty-seven BMAs and 79 BMBs were performed during the study period. Of the BMAs, 14.1 % were pathological: myeloma (n = 12), malignant B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 6), myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 6), chronic lymphoid leukaemia (n = 4), Waldenstrom's disease (n = 3), chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (n = 2), hairy cell leukaemia (n = 1) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (n = 1). Eight of the 14 pathological BMBs were associated with normal BMA. BMAs were performed equally for gammaglobulin abnormalities (monoclonal peak = 45 % of indications, hypogammaglobulinemia = 6 %) and for other reasons (haemogram abnormality = 24 %, skeletal osteolysis = 6 %, unexplained inflammatory syndrome = 5 %, lymph node disease = 4 % and others). In clinical rheumatology, BMA may reveal two major types of malignant haematological diseases: myeloma with poor prognostic factors justifying polychemotherapy and autologous grafts and, in contrast, slowly evolving B cell lymphoid haemopathies. Given the additional risk in some types of chronic inflammatory rheumatism, BMB should be performed more frequently in certain specific situations (skeletal or lymph node tumour and unexplained inflammatory syndrome).'