1,174 research outputs found

    Shared Rough and Quasi-Isometries of Groups

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    We present a variation of quasi-isometry to approach the problem of defining a geometric notion equivalent to commensurability. In short, this variation can be summarized as "quasi-isometry with uniform parameters for a large enough family of generating systems". Two similar notions (using isometries and rough isometries instead, respectively) are presented alongside. This article is based mainly on a chapter of the author's doctoral thesis (\cite{Lochmann_dissertation}).Comment: 16 page

    Construction of direction selectivity in V1: from simple to complex cells

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    Despite detailed knowledge about the anatomy and physiology of the primary visual cortex (V1), the immense number of feed-forward and recurrent connections onto a given V1 neuron make it difficult to understand how the physiological details relate to a given neuron’s functional properties. Here, we focus on a well-known functional property of many V1 complex cells: phase-invariant direction selectivity (DS). While the energy model explains its construction at the conceptual level, it remains unclear how the mathematical operations described in this model are implemented by cortical circuits. To understand how DS of complex cells is constructed in cortex, we apply a nonlinear modeling framework to extracellular data from macaque V1. We use a modification of spike-triggered covariance (STC) analysis to identify multiple biologically plausible "spatiotemporal features" that either excite or suppress a cell. We demonstrate that these features represent the true inputs to the neuron more accurately, and the resulting nonlinear model compactly describes how these inputs are combined to result in the functional properties of the cell. In a population of 59 neurons, we find that both simple and complex V1 cells are selective to combinations of excitatory and suppressive motion features. Because the strength of DS and simple/complex classification is well predicted by our models, we can use simulations with inputs matching thalamic and simple cells to assess how individual model components contribute to these measures. Our results unify experimental observations regarding the construction of DS from thalamic feed-forward inputs to V1: based on the differences between excitatory and inhibitory inputs, they suggest a connectivity diagram for simple and complex cells that sheds light on the mechanism underlying the DS of cortical cells. More generally, they illustrate how stage-wise nonlinear combination of multiple features gives rise to the processing of more abstract visual information

    Improving wind power predictions on very short-term scales by including wind speed observations in the power forecast

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    This work investigates how to improve wind power predictions using observational wind speed data. Measurements from ultrasonic anemometers (sonics) are available from five of the 22 wind energy turbines at the analysed wind farm in Beeskow, Germany (52°11’48'N, 14°13’E). In addition, measurements from a vertically pointing Doppler lidar (DL) at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg - Richard Aßmann Observatory located at a distance of 6 km from the wind farm are evaluated. The LoadManagerÂź tool, developed by LEMSoftware, Leipzig, is used to perform wind power predictions based on different input data for forecasting horizons of 15 min and 30 min. Though wind power predictions have consistently improved in the last decade, persistent reasons for remaining uncertainties are sudden large changes in wind speed, so-called ramp events. The occurrence of ramp events at the wind farm has been investigated. Results on the seasonality of ramp events and their diurnal cycle are presented for multiple ramp detection thresholds. Ramps were found to be most frequent in March and April and least frequent in November and December. Furthermore, ramp events occur more frequently during the day than during the night and for most ramp detection thresholds up-ramp events are slightly more frequent than down-ramp events. For further analysis, the wind power prediction tool is fed with different wind velocity input data. The reference wind power predictions are based on data from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. Power predictions using observed wind speed data (DL, sonics) are compared to these reference predictions and evaluated according to two metrics: (i) the absolute difference between the observed and predicted power generation and (ii) the costs incurred due to necessary balancing services. It was found that, (i) the absolute power deviation can be reduced significantly compared to the reference by using power prediction setups based on sonic data. This improvement is even greater during ramp time steps. Power predictions based on the available DL data do not improve the absolute power deviation for the entire data set, albeit they do provide an improvement during down-ramp events. Considering (ii) incurred balancing costs, all power prediction setups based on observational data reduce the balancing costs compared to the reference. Sonic-based configurations yield 75-80% lower balancing costs than the reference and the DL-based setup results in 20% lower balancing costs.Diese Arbeit untersucht, wie sich Windleistungsprognosen mit Hilfe von Windmesswerten verbessern lassen. Messungen von Ultraschallanemometern (sonics) an Gondeln von fĂŒnf der 22 Windenergieanlagen des untersuchten Windparks Beeskow, Deutschland (52°11’48'N, 14°13’E), sind verfĂŒgbar. Weiterhin sind Messungen des vertikalgerichteten Doppler Lidars (DL) am Meteorologischen Observatorium Lindenberg - Richard Aßmann Observatorium des DWD verfĂŒgbar, welches sich in einer Entfernung von 6km zum Windpark befindet. Das Programm LoadManagerÂź der Leipziger Firma LEM-Software wird fĂŒr Windleistungsprognosen mit verschiedenen Eingangsdaten fĂŒr die PrognosezeitrĂ€ume +15 min und +30min verwendet. Die QualitĂ€t von Windleistungsprognosen hat sich in den letzten zehn Jahren stetig verbessert. Unsicherheiten bleiben z.B. sogenannte Windrampen, schnelle, starke Änderungen der Windgeschwindigkeit. Das Auftreten von Windrampen am Windpark Beeskow wurde untersucht und die Ergebnisse werden fĂŒr verschiedene Rampengrenzwerte vorgestellt. Am hĂ€ufigsten treten Windrampen im MĂ€rz und April auf und am seltensten treten sie im November und Dezember auf. Außerdem wurden Windrampen hĂ€ufiger tagsĂŒber als nachts festgestellt. FĂŒr die meisten Rampengrenzwerte wurden etwas mehr Leistungsanstiege ('up-ramps') als LeistungsrĂŒckgĂ€nge ('down-ramps') gefunden. FĂŒr weitere Untersuchungen wurden Windleistungsprognosen mit verschiedenen WindgeschwindigkeitsdatensĂ€tzen durchgefĂŒhrt. Als Referenz gelten Windleistungsprognosen auf Basis von Daten numerischer Wettervorhersagemodelle. Windleistungsprognosen auf Basis von Messwerten (sonics, DL) werden mit dem Referenzmodell verglichen und entsprechend zweier Metriken bewertet: (i) der absoluten Abweichung zwischen der vorhergesagten und beobachteten Stromerzeugung und (ii) der fĂŒr Abweichungen anfallenden Regelenergiekosten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass (i) die absolute Abweichung verglichen mit der Referenz signifikant reduziert werden kann, in dem man Messwerte von sonics fĂŒr die Leistungsprognose verwendet. Dabei ist die Verbesserung wĂ€hrend Windrampen grĂ¶ĂŸer als fĂŒr den gesamten Datensatz. Windleistungsprognosen auf Basis von DL-Daten zeigen keine Verbesserung der Abweichungen fĂŒr den gesamten Datensatz, jedoch eine signifikante Verbesserung wĂ€hrend LeistungsrĂŒckgĂ€ngen. Betrachtet man (ii) die anfallenden Regelenergiekosten, resultieren alle auf Messwerten basierenden Leistungsprognosen in einer Reduktion der Kosten verglichen mit dem Referenzmodell. Windleistungsprognosen auf Basis der Gondelmessungen reduzieren die Regelenergiekosten um 75-80% und Windleistungsprognosen auf DL-Basis ergeben im Mittel etwa 20% niedrigere Regelenergiekosten

    HybridMDSD: Multi-Domain Engineering with Model-Driven Software Development using Ontological Foundations

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    Software development is a complex task. Executable applications comprise a mutlitude of diverse components that are developed with various frameworks, libraries, or communication platforms. The technical complexity in development retains resources, hampers efficient problem solving, and thus increases the overall cost of software production. Another significant challenge in market-driven software engineering is the variety of customer needs. It necessitates a maximum of flexibility in software implementations to facilitate the deployment of different products that are based on one single core. To reduce technical complexity, the paradigm of Model-Driven Software Development (MDSD) facilitates the abstract specification of software based on modeling languages. Corresponding models are used to generate actual programming code without the need for creating manually written, error-prone assets. Modeling languages that are tailored towards a particular domain are called domain-specific languages (DSLs). Domain-specific modeling (DSM) approximates technical solutions with intentional problems and fosters the unfolding of specialized expertise. To cope with feature diversity in applications, the Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) community provides means for the management of variability in software products, such as feature models and appropriate tools for mapping features to implementation assets. Model-driven development, domain-specific modeling, and the dedicated management of variability in SPLE are vital for the success of software enterprises. Yet, these paradigms exist in isolation and need to be integrated in order to exhaust the advantages of every single approach. In this thesis, we propose a way to do so. We introduce the paradigm of Multi-Domain Engineering (MDE) which means model-driven development with multiple domain-specific languages in variability-intensive scenarios. MDE strongly emphasize the advantages of MDSD with multiple DSLs as a neccessity for efficiency in software development and treats the paradigm of SPLE as indispensable means to achieve a maximum degree of reuse and flexibility. We present HybridMDSD as our solution approach to implement the MDE paradigm. The core idea of HybidMDSD is to capture the semantics of particular DSLs based on properly defined semantics for software models contained in a central upper ontology. Then, the resulting semantic foundation can be used to establish references between arbitrary domain-specific models (DSMs) and sophisticated instance level reasoning ensures integrity and allows to handle partiucular change adaptation scenarios. Moreover, we present an approach to automatically generate composition code that integrates generated assets from separate DSLs. All necessary development tasks are arranged in a comprehensive development process. Finally, we validate the introduced approach with a profound prototypical implementation and an industrial-scale case study.Softwareentwicklung ist komplex: ausfĂŒhrbare Anwendungen beinhalten und vereinen eine Vielzahl an Komponenten, die mit unterschiedlichen Frameworks, Bibliotheken oder Kommunikationsplattformen entwickelt werden. Die technische KomplexitĂ€t in der Entwicklung bindet Ressourcen, verhindert effiziente Problemlösung und fĂŒhrt zu insgesamt hohen Kosten bei der Produktion von Software. ZusĂ€tzliche Herausforderungen entstehen durch die Vielfalt und Unterschiedlichkeit an KundenwĂŒnschen, die der Entwicklung ein hohes Maß an FlexibilitĂ€t in Software-Implementierungen abverlangen und die Auslieferung verschiedener Produkte auf Grundlage einer Basis-Implementierung nötig machen. Zur Reduktion der technischen KomplexitĂ€t bietet sich das Paradigma der modellgetriebenen Softwareentwicklung (MDSD) an. Software-Spezifikationen in Form abstrakter Modelle werden hier verwendet um Programmcode zu generieren, was die fehleranfĂ€llige, manuelle Programmierung Ă€hnlicher Komponenten ĂŒberflĂŒssig macht. Modellierungssprachen, die auf eine bestimmte ProblemdomĂ€ne zugeschnitten sind, nennt man domĂ€nenspezifische Sprachen (DSLs). DomĂ€nenspezifische Modellierung (DSM) vereint technische Lösungen mit intentionalen Problemen und ermöglicht die Entfaltung spezialisierter Expertise. Um der Funktionsvielfalt in Software Herr zu werden, bietet der Forschungszweig der Softwareproduktlinienentwicklung (SPLE) verschiedene Mittel zur Verwaltung von VariabilitĂ€t in Software-Produkten an. Hierzu zĂ€hlen Feature-Modelle sowie passende Werkzeuge, um Features auf Implementierungsbestandteile abzubilden. Modellgetriebene Entwicklung, domĂ€nenspezifische Modellierung und eine spezielle Handhabung von VariabilitĂ€t in Softwareproduktlinien sind von entscheidender Bedeutung fĂŒr den Erfolg von Softwarefirmen. Zur Zeit bestehen diese Paradigmen losgelöst voneinander und mĂŒssen integriert werden, damit die Vorteile jedes einzelnen fĂŒr die Gesamtheit der Softwareentwicklung entfaltet werden können. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, der dies ermöglicht. Es wird das Multi-Domain Engineering Paradigma (MDE) eingefĂŒhrt, welches die modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung mit mehreren domĂ€nenspezifischen Sprachen in variabilitĂ€tszentrierten Szenarien beschreibt. MDE stellt die Vorteile modellgetriebener Entwicklung mit mehreren DSLs als eine Notwendigkeit fĂŒr Effizienz in der Entwicklung heraus und betrachtet das SPLE-Paradigma als unabdingbares Mittel um ein Maximum an Wiederverwendbarkeit und FlexibilitĂ€t zu erzielen. In der Arbeit wird ein Ansatz zur Implementierung des MDE-Paradigmas, mit dem Namen HybridMDSD, vorgestellt

    THE ART OF NOTHINGNESS: DADA, TAOISM, AND ZEN

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    When examining the art, actions, and writings of Zurich Dadaists it becomes apparent that there is an affinity with Eastern thought, namely Taoism and Zen Buddhism. It cannot be said that Eastern thought directly influenced the artistic production of these Dadaists. However, the philosophy of Dada artists in Zurich mirrors that of Taoism and Zen so strongly that this connection cannot be ignored, although the Western art historical cannon has done just that. Exploring this connection offers a new perspective of Zurich Dada and encourages a reconsideration of the commonly applied label of nihilism to this group of Dadaists
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