Porträt als Massenphänomen / Le Portrait comme Phénomène de Masse

Hatte sich die Forschung zum antiken Porträt traditionell um die Darstellungen berühmter Personen bemüht, so rückten im letzten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts die Bildnisse der Vielen, der historisch Unwichtigen und Unbekannten, ins Interesse der Forschung. Mit ihnen beschäftigen sich die Beiträge dieses Bandes. In vielen Gattungen der antiken Grabplastik waren Darstellungen der Verstorbenen und ihrer Angehörigen üblich, so dass Bildnisköpfe in diesem Bereich seriell gearbeitet und zu einem Massenphänomen wurden. Die Untersuchungen lokaler Gruppen, die hier vorgelegt werden, vermögen ein Spektrum von Unterschieden aufzuzeigen, in denen die jeweiligen Identitäten und Traditionen evident werden. In ihrem lokalen Kontext erweisen sich die Grabmonumente als Ausdruck gemeinsamer und geteilter Werte. Wenn sie in der römischen Kaiserzeit in vielen Teilen der Reiches Vorbildern des Kaiserhauses folgen, so erscheinen sie als Ausdruck der politischen Loyalität und der kulturellen Einheit

Construction of cryptogein mutants, a proteinaceous elicitor from Phytophthora, with altered abilities to induce a defense reaction in tobacco cells

International audienc

Physiological and proteomic approaches to evaluate the role of sterol binding in elicitin-induced resistance

International audienceCryptogein is a proteinaceous elicitor secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea that can induce resistance to P. parasitica in tobacco plants. On the basis of previous computer modelling experiments, by site-directed mutagenesis a series of cryptogein variants was prepared with altered abilities to bind sterols, phospholipids or both. The sterol binding and phospholipid transfer activities corresponded well with the previously reported structural data. Induction of the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tobacco cells in suspension and proteomic analysis of intercellular fluid changes in tobacco leaves triggered by these mutant proteins were not proportional to their ability to bind or transfer sterols and phospholipids. However, changes in the intercellular proteome corresponded to transcription levels of defence genes and resistance to P. parasitica and structure-prediction of mutants did not reveal any significant changes in protein structure. These results suggest, contrary to previous proposals, that the sterol-binding ability of cryptogein and its mutants, and the associated conformational change in the omega-loop, might not be principal factors in either ROS production or resistance induction. Nevertheless, the results support the importance of the omega-loop for the interaction of the protein with the high affinity binding site on the plasma membrane

Effects of Isoflavone-Enriched Feed on the Rumen Microbiota in Dairy Cows

<div><p>In this study, we compared the effects of two diets containing different isoflavone concentrations on the isoflavone transfer from feed into milk and on the rumen microbiota in lactating dairy cows. The on-farm experiment was conducted on twelve lactating Czech Fleckvieh x Holstein cows divided into two groups, each with similar mean milk yield. Twice daily, cows were individually fed a diet based on maize silage, meadow hay and supplemental mixture. Control group (CTRL) received the basal diet while the experimental group (EXP) received the basal diet supplemented with 40% soybean isoflavone extract. The average daily isoflavone intake in the EXP group (16 g/day) was twice as high as that in the CTRL group (8.4 g/day, P<0.001). Total isoflavone concentrations in milk from the CTRL and EXP groups were 96.89 and 276.07 μg/L, respectively (P<0.001). Equol concentrations in milk increased from 77.78 μg/L in the CTRL group to 186.30 μg/L in the EXP group (P<0.001). The V3-4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes was used for metagenomic analysis of the rumen microbiome. The experimental cows exhibited fewer OTUs at a distance level of 0.03 compared to control cows (P<0.05) and reduced microbial richness compared to control cows based on the calculated Inverse Simpson and Shannon indices. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the major contributor to separation between the experimental and control groups were changes in the representation of bacteria belonging to the phyla <i>Bacteroidetes</i>, <i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Firmicutes</i>, and <i>Planctomycetes</i>. Surprisingly, a statistically significant positive correlation was found only between isoflavones and the phyla <i>Burkholderiales</i> (r = 0.65, P<0.05) and unclassified <i>Betaproteobacteria</i> (r = 0.58, P<0.05). Previous mouse and human studies of isoflavone effects on the composition of gastrointestinal microbial populations generally report similar findings.</p></div

Isoflavone levels in feed, rumen fluid, and milk, isoflavone yield and carry-over.

<p>Average daily isoflavone intakes, rumen fluid isoflavone concentrations, milk isoflavone concentrations, isoflavone yields, and isoflavone carry-overs of dairy cows fed a basal diet either unsupplemented (CTRL) or supplemented with 40% isoflavone extract (EXP).</p

A comparison of rumen microbiota between experimental and control groups.

<p>(A) BiPlot Correspondence Analysis (CA) of rumen microbiota showing separation of experimental and control group samples on the first (CA1) and fourth axes (CA4) which are responsible for 50% of the the total (chi-square) variability. (B) Boxplots of the ten most strongly represented phyla conveying information about the taxa pattern that contributes to the separation of experimental cows from control ones. (C) The relative abundance (%) of differentially abundant families and genus. Control cows, n = 6; experimental cows, n = 6. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (* P < 0.05, control group versus experimental group).</p

Diversity of bacterial phyla (A) and species richness (B) observed in the control (CTRL) and experimental (EXP) groups.

<p>(A) The percentage of total reads (x-axis) assigned to each phylum is plotted for CTRL and EXP (y-axis). (B) Species richness of CTRL and EXP rumen samples included in this study at 97% similarity. Chao1 panel shows estimated species richness, and species diversity is represented by Shannon and InvSimpson indices.</p