Long-term density fluctuations and microhabitat use of sympatric Apodemus flavicollis and Myodes glareolus in central Italy

The role and importance of interspecific competition for rodent communities have been much debated issues, with some early authors suggesting that these are important, and several recent articles suggesting the contrary. In this paper, we studied, for 14 years at a mountainous locality in central Italy, the coexistence dynamics of a two-species system (Apodemus flavicollis, Myodes glareolus) within a 1.44 ha trapping grid, by Capture-Mark-Recapture. Overall, we captured over 1000 rodents during the study period, with annual abundance ranging 2-7 individuals × ha−1. However, the density of the two species varied substantially across years and between sectors of the study plot. Thus, the distributions of the two species on the scale of the study grid were not related to one another. Density of a given species did not affect the percentage of lactating females in either A. flavicollis or M. glareolus. Individual traps differed in their rate of capture such that about 40% of traps were associated more with a particular species. Considering the spatial distribution of traps, we determined that three areas were associated with high probability of capture for only one of the two study species, two of these areas being associated to A. flavicollis and one to M. glareolus. Our analyses suggest that interspecific competition may be present at the local micro-scale, as explained by the fact that in the great majority of the cases in which a given trap was highly successful in capturing one species, it was also very unsuccessful in capturing the other species. However, manipulation experiments are needed to confirm that suggestion

Genotoxic monitoring on wild rodents living in protected areas

The aim of this work was to carry out a genotoxic monitoring on small rodents living in protected areas to determine the baseline values and to establish if some of these areas may be used as reference points for successive genotoxic monitoring. To this purpose, peripheral blood micronucleus test was applied for the first time to a high number of free living rodents (N=500). Six protected areas, located in the Centre of Italy, were studied. In total 241 Apodemus sylvaticus, and 259 Apodemus flavicollis were analysed. Results obtained show that the mean frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes is lower than the threshold value (2ME/1000E) established for laboratory mice. Micronuclei frequency and the percentage of animals with ME/1000E >= 2 are significantly (p = 2 significantly higher (p < 0.005) than mice from "Gran Sasso Logo" National Park and "Lago di Penne" Regional Natural Reserve. In conclusion, data obtained indicate that "Castelporziano" Estate and "Circeo" National Park are exposed to non negligible genotoxic impact. Results may be the basis for a genotoxic monitoring which has to be performed applying, at regular intervals, peripheral blood micronucleus test also in animals living in protected areas. This study highlights the need to consider the risk of environmental contamination inside the protected areas, to understand the related problems and, consequently, to carry out an adequate management and control program of the territory

Management of viral hepatitis in patients with haematological malignancy and in patients undergoing haemopoietic stem cell transplantation: recommendations of the 5th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-5).

Viral hepatitis affects millions of people worldwide, and host immunity is the key determinant of patient outcome. Viral hepatitis can be life threatening in patients with haematological malignancy, including haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, because of the virus itself, or through a need to decrease the dose of chemotherapy. A past or currently infected haemopoietic stem cell donor could also transmit viral hepatitis. The burden of viral hepatitis in patients with haematological malignancies and the weak evidence on which previous guidelines are based has prompted the European Conference on Infection in Leukaemia (ECIL-5) to convene a group of experts in the fields of viral hepatitis and of haematological malignancy to specifically address previously unconsidered issues and grade the available quality of evidence according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America grading system. The group recommends that all patients should be screened for hepatotropic viruses before haematological treatment and that patients or haemopoietic stem cell donors with markers of past or current viral hepatitis should be assessed by an expert. Screening, vaccination, and treatment rules are reported in this Review

IMMUNITY TO POLIOVIRUSES AND TETANUS AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDREN

Immunity to tetanus toxoid and polioviruses was studied in 34 (27 allografted, 7 autografted) children who underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT). At a median time of 3 years after BMT, only one recipient was seronegative for tetanus toxoid. On the contrary 73 % of children were seronegative for at least one of the three poliovirus types and 30% for all vim types. Undetectable antibody titers were more frequently found against type 3 than the other two types. We recommend that reimmunizations of children after BMT be based on serologic tests for antibody titers

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in children with acute myelogenous leukemia in first remission

Fifty-nine children, aged 1-15 years, with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) received a bone marrow transplant (BMT) from an HLA-identical sibling (n = 57) or from an identical twin (n = 2), while in first remission (CR). These children represent, to the best of our knowledge, all children grafted in first CR in 11 Italian centers between 1980 and 1990. Patients were prepared with total body irradiation (TBI) plus cyclophosphamide (CY) (n = 50) or melphalan (n = 2) or with busulfan plus CY (n = 7). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporin A (n = 48), methotrexate (n = 7) or cyclosporin and methotrexate (n = 2). Survivors have been followed for 21-137 months (median 59 months). Actuarial relapse-free survival was 58% at 66-137 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 44-72). Actuarial risk of relapse was 23% at 48 months (95% CI 10.9-34.8). Risk of non-relapse deaths was 33% in the period 1980-87 and 4% in the period 1988-90 (p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis patients with a blood cell count > 14 x 10(9)/l at diagnosis showed a lower relapse-free survival compared with patients with counts < 14 x 10(9)/l (p = 0.006). We could not detect an effect of FAB subtype, patient age, time to achieve remission or transplant-related variables, including year of BMT, on relapse-free survival. In conclusion, allogeneic marrow transplantation can achieve long-term relapse-free survival in over 50% of children with AML and should be considered as consolidation therapy if a matched sibling is available

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in children with acute myelogenous leukemia in first remission. Associazione Italiana di Ematologia e Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP) and the Gruppo Italiano per il Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO).

Fifty-nine children, aged 1-15 years, with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) received a bone marrow transplant (BMT) from an HLA-identical sibling (n = 57) or from an identical twin (n = 2), while in first remission (CR). These children represent, to the best of our knowledge, all children grafted in first CR in 11 Italian centers between 1980 and 1990. Patients were prepared with total body irradiation (TBI) plus cyclophosphamide (CY) (n = 50) or melphalan (n = 2) or with busulfan plus CY (n = 7). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporin A (n = 48), methotrexate (n = 7) or cyclosporin and methotrexate (n = 2). Survivors have been followed for 21-137 months (median 59 months). Actuarial relapse-free survival was 58% at 66-137 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 44-72). Actuarial risk of relapse was 23% at 48 months (95% CI 10.9-34.8). Risk of non-relapse deaths was 33% in the period 1980-87 and 4% in the period 1988-90 (p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis patients with a blood cell count > 14 x 10(9)/l at diagnosis showed a lower relapse-free survival compared with patients with counts < 14 x 10(9)/l (p = 0.006). We could not detect an effect of FAB subtype, patient age, time to achieve remission or transplant-related variables, including year of BMT, on relapse-free survival. In conclusion, allogeneic marrow transplantation can achieve long-term relapse-free survival in over 50% of children with AML and should be considered as consolidation therapy if a matched sibling is available