Population-Based Pediatric Hospitalization Burden of Lineage-Specific Influenza B in Hong Kong, 2004–2014

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Population-Based Hospitalization Burden of Influenza A Virus Subtypes and Antigenic Drift Variants in Children in Hong Kong (2004-2011)

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The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing hospitalizations in children in Hong Kong, 2009–2013

BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination is widely recommended every year to protect individuals against influenza virus infection and illness. There are few published estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization in children or from subtropical regions. METHODS: We conducted a test-negative year-round study between October 2009 and September 2013, recruiting children 6months to 17years of age admitted to two hospitals in Hong Kong with a febrile acute respiratory infection. Cases were tested for influenza A and B and conditional logistic regression was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness comparing influenza vaccination history of the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) among patients testing positive versus negative for influenza, adjusting for age and sex and matching by calendar week of recruitment. RESULTS: Overall vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization with laboratory-confirmed influenza A and B was estimated to be 61.7% (95% CI: 43.0%, 74.2%). The estimated vaccine effectiveness against A(H3N2) was 36.6% (95% CI: -25.5%, 67.9%) compared to 71.5% (95% CI: 39.4%, 86.6%) for A(H1N1)pdm09 and 68.8% (95% CI: 41.6%, 83.3%) for B. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization in children varied from year to year, but was moderate to high overall even in an area with influenza activity throughout the year

Hospital-based vaccine effectiveness against influenza B lineages, Hong Kong, 2009−14

BACKGROUND: We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) against pediatric influenza B hospitalizations in Hong Kong year round between November 2001 and October 2014. METHODS: We conducted a test-negative year-round study, enrolling children 6 months to 17 years of age admitted to two hospitals in Hong Kong with a febrile acute respiratory infection. Children were tested for influenza A and B. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate overall and lineage-specific vaccine effectiveness comparing influenza vaccination history of the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) among patients testing positive for influenza B versus negative for influenza A and B, adjusting for age and sex and matching by calendar week of recruitment. RESULTS: Of the 6013 children included in the analysis, 262 tested positive for influenza B. Vaccination coverage was low: 6.5% in the influenza B positive children when compared with 8.8% in children who tested negative for both influenza A and B (p=0.248). Overall, VE was 47.6% (95% CI: 10.0, 69.4%) against influenza B hospitalization despite variable co-circulation of both lineages in all years. VE for Victoria-like virus calculated from 3 years when the vaccine was lineage-matched was 59.1% (95% CI: 6.2, 82.2%). Lineage-matched VE for Yamagata-like virus was -8.8% (95% CI: -215.4, 62.5%) in a clade mismatch season. With wide confidence intervals, we were unable to demonstrate cross-lineage protection: VE against the mismatched B/Yamagata-like virus was 9.5% (95% CI: -240.4, 76.0%) in 2011/12 and against mismatched B/Victoria-like virus in 2013/14 was 42.7% (95% CI: -368.6, 93.0%). CONCLUSIONS: TIV conferred an overall VE of 47.6% (95% CI: 10.0, 69.4%) against influenza B hospitalization in children despite variable co-circulation of both lineages in all years. Lineage-matched VE for Yamagata-like virus was poor and may be related to clade mismatch. Cross-lineage protection was not observed

Mononuclear gold species anchored on TS-1 framework as catalyst precursor for selective epoxidation of propylene

Deposition of gold on supports can produce catalytically active forms of gold as well as spectators, but previous understanding of the nature of active immobilized precursors is poor. By using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques, we report a novel synthesis and structural elucidation of atomically dispersed gold species anchored to the internal surface of TS-1 as K+Au(OH)2Na+(Of)3 (“f” signifies the framework atoms of TS-1 in the formula.). It is found that the choice of alkali ions plays a crucial role in nucleation and stabilization of the atomic precursor. These anchored single Au upon controlled reduction in H2 can form uniform gold clusters in direct contact with the TS-1 surface containing isolated Ti sites: their interface exhibits excellent specificity and stability towards epoxidation of propylene in H2/O2 due to synergetic effect

Composição químico-bromatológica e produtividade do capim-mombaça cultivado em diferentes lâminas de efluente do tratamento primário de esgoto sanitário

Com o objetivo de avaliar produtividade e possíveis alterações na composição químico-bromatológica do capim-mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça), quando submetido a diferentes lâminas de efluente do tratamento primário de esgoto sanitário (ETPES), conduziu-se um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, constituído de cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições. Parcelas cultivadas com capim-mombaça receberam diferentes doses de ETPES, estabelecidas com base na carga de sódio (75, 150, 225 e 300 kg ha-1 de Na). A dose 0 kg ha-1 de Na foi obtida com aplicação de água de poço artesiano. Periodicamente, amostras do capim-mombaça foram coletadas para avaliação da produtividade e análise químico-bromatológica nas folhas das plantas. Valores pertencentes à faixa normal de nutrientes e proteínas, descrita para a forrageira, foram prevalecentes nos quatro cortes realizados. As exceções foram os teores de K e de proteína bruta, observados no quarto corte e considerados baixos. No primeiro corte, em alguns tratamentos os teores de Ca e Mg estiveram abaixo daqueles descritos para a espécie. A produtividade do capim-mombaça aumentou com a dose de ETPES aplicada e com a idade de corte, tendo sido obtida produtividade de matéria verde e matéria seca de 20,7 t ha-1 e 4,4 t ha-1, respectivamente, no quarto corte. Não houve alteração na composição químico-bromatológica do capim