Grain size distributions of volcanic particles by CAMSIZER

Grain size distribution is a key parameter in physical volcanology to describe and characterize tephra fall deposits. Walker (1973) used grain size parameters to propose a classification scheme of explosive volcanic eruptions. More recently, the role of grain size populations of eruptive mixtures at the vent has been widely considered a crucial input parameter for the application of numerical models simulating both plume and tephra dispersal (e.g. Cioni et al., 2003; Andronico et al., 2008; Scollo et al., 2008). Grain size analysis can be performed by various techniques that differ in their applicability, technology and affordability. The most commonly used technique is sieving, performed by a nested column of sieves arranged in decreasing order of aperture size (http://www.ivhhn.org/). Sieving can be performed manually or by machine shaking, usually in the particle range from 64 mm to less than 32 µm. Both these procedures are cumbersome, time-consuming and subject to many errors. Here, we present a new methodology to measure the distribution of volcanic particles by CAMSIZER® (Figure 1), an instrument developed by Retsch Technology GmbH (Haan) and Jenoptik AG (Jena) in Germany (see at http://www.retsch.com). CAMSIZER is a compact laboratory instrument for the simultaneous measurement of particle size distribution and particle shape of incoherent materials in the range of 30 µm to 30 mm, based on digital image processing. The sample is fed in from a vibrating feed channel that controls particles falling through the measurement field, where images of the particle flow are recorded by two digital cameras (Basic and Zoom) with different resolutions (Andronico et al., 2009). The Basic camera provides the analysis of the larger particles, while the Zoom camera focuses on smaller particles furnishing high resolution images of the finer classes of the wide measuring range. Software created by Retsch Technology enables processing digital images and providing grain size and shape parameters. Although this instrument is becoming very common in industry for quality control, research and production monitoring of very different kinds of materials, it has never been used before in volcanology. CAMSIZER has recently been installed at Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania (INGV-CT) to measure grain-size distribution of volcanic particles within the volcanic monitoring activity of Eastern Sicily (Lo Castro and Andronico, 2008). As is well-known, this area is characterized by the presence of two of the most active volcanoes in the world, Mt. Etna and Stromboli, which commonly produce large quantities of tephra (e.g. Rosi et al., 2000; Alparone et al., 2007). The use of CAMSIZER on volcanic products ranging from fine lapilli to ash have allowed us to obtain detailed particle size analysis and drastically reduce the work and measuring time needed in classical sieve analysis. To optimize these objectives, CAMSIZER has been tested on different materials, not only volcanic, in order to calibrate the instrument and compare results with those obtained by sieving. In particular, we present results derived by two different kinds of test: the first regards repeatability by measuring the same sample several times to determine the accuracy of the instrument, the second concerns the compatibility between sieve analysis and CAMSIZER results. Our work suggests that CAMSIZER may constitute a good tool to improve grain size analysis in volcanology and thus help in tephra hazard assessments

Osservazioni sull’attività di Stromboli (16-19 giugno 2009)

Tra il 16 e il 19 giugno 2009 è stata svolta una campagna sul vulcano Stromboli durante la quale è stata osservata l’attività eruttiva e raccolti alcuni campioni di cenere. In particolare sono state svolte delle ricognizioni in area sommitale nei giorni 16, 17 e 19 giugno 2009. La campagna ha avuto anche lo scopo di trasportare un campionatore di cenere sulla sommità del vulcano, che durante i giorni di osservazione è stato posizionato lungo l’asse di dispersione delle ceneri emesse dall’attività eruttiva. Quest’ultima è stata documentata da foto a colori reali e infrarosso; inoltre sono state eseguite alcune misure delle bocche presenti all’interno della terrazza craterica mediante un binocolo distanziometric

Tephrostratigraphy of the last 2 ka activity of Etna volcano

Stratigraphic and facies analysis, conducted in the 90’s, on the pyroclastic successions blanking the Etna volcano flanks permitted the reconstruction of the last 100 ka tephrostratigraphic record of the volcano explosive activity. During the Holocene, several strong explosive events occurred, including a basaltic plinian eruption in 122 BC. However, the historical period lacks of detailed investigation on the Etna pyroclastic succession, therefore, we focused our research on this period. We started with an accurate field work aimed to the description of the pyroclastic deposits cropping out prevalently on the NE flank of the volcano. This tephra succession is characterized by alternations of ash layers, scoriaceous lapilli rich horizons and varicoloured tuffs attributed to a phreatomagmatic activity. Several yellowish volcanoclastic horizons, sometimes rich in charcoal, separate the tephra layers, indicating non-eruptive periods between the eruptions. We compiled 7 tephrostratigraphic sections having as common base the marker bed “FG” of the 122 BC plinian eruption and we collected 62 tephra samples and 7 charcoals for laboratories analysis. In particular, grainsize, component, chemical and petrographic analysis were carried out on tephra samples, whereas the charcoals were sent to Beta Analytics, Miami, for 14C radiometric analysis. The whole data set permitted us to correlate the tephra layers and to recognised 16 tephrostratigraphic units. The integration of the radiometric data with historical chronicles regarding the past activity of Etna, allow us to attribute some tephrostratigraphic units to 7 Etna historic eruptions whose distal deposit had never been found before. These eruptions could be considered as belonging to class B of Branca and Del Carlo (2005), characterised by prevalent intense explosive activity producing copious tephra fallouts, as happened during the 2001 and 2002-2003 eruptive events