Phenology, pollen synchronization and fruit characteristics of european hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cv. tonda de Giffoni in three sites of central Chile

Phenology, pollen synchronization and fruit characteristics were studied during the season 2011-2012 for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cv. "Tonda di Giffoni" and three of its pollinizers ("Tonda Romana", "Tonda Gentile delle Langhe" and "Barcelona") in three agro-ecological conditions of central Chile. Male and female blooms occurred from June through August, with a flowering span ranging between two to two and a half months depending on the cultivar, pollinizer and study sites. "Tonda di Giffoni" male flowering onset occurred during the first week of June, up to two weeks earlier than female flowers (271 to 417 chilling hours) showing a marked protandrus dichogamy. "Tonda Gentile delle Langhe" and "Barcelona" pollinizers completely covered the female flowering period of "Tonda di Giffoni", while "Tonda Romana" fail to cover the first flowering week. In general, starting dates for the different phenological stages were directly and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with chilling hour accumulation and growing degree days. Fruit set (34.1%) and maximum fruit diameter (16.6 mm) were significantly lower in the case of "Tonda Gentile delle Langhe" compared to "Tonda Romana" (82.2%, 17.3 mm) and "Barcelona" (74.7%, 17.4 mm).Phenology, pollen synchronization and fruit characteristics were studied during the season 2011-2012 for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cv. "Tonda di Giffoni" and three of its pollinizers ("Tonda Romana", "Tonda Gentile delle Langhe" and "Barcelona") in three agro-ecological conditions of central Chile. Male and female blooms occurred from June through August, with a flowering span ranging between two to two and a half months depending on the cultivar, pollinizer and study sites. "Tonda di Giffoni" male flowering onset occurred during the first week of June, up to two weeks earlier than female flowers (271 to 417 chilling hours) showing a marked protandrus dichogamy. "Tonda Gentile delle Langhe" and "Barcelona" pollinizers completely covered the female flowering period of "Tonda di Giffoni", while "Tonda Romana" fail to cover the first flowering week. In general, starting dates for the different phenological stages were directly and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with chilling hour accumulation and growing degree days. Fruit set (34.1%) and maximum fruit diameter (16.6 mm) were significantly lower in the case of "Tonda Gentile delle Langhe" compared to "Tonda Romana" (82.2%, 17.3 mm) and "Barcelona" (74.7%, 17.4 mm)

Respuestas vegetativas y productivas de manzanos orgánicos (Malus domestica L.) A la fertilización con guano rojo fosilizado y un fertilizante de entrega controlada

El guano rojo fosilizado y los fertilizantes orgánicos de entrega controlada están dentro de los fertilizantes que se pueden usar en producción orgánica. Existe poca información sobre los impactos de estos fertilizantes sobre el crecimiento, productividad, calidad y composición mineral de la fruta. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de niveles crecientes de fertilización nitrogenada con guano rojo y un fertilizante de entrega controlada (Fertil®), sobre el crecimiento vegetativo, el rendimiento, concentración mineral en hojas, la calidad y composición mineral de frutos, en manzanas ‘Granny Smith’ cultivadas con manejo orgánico. Los tratamientos incluyeron el uso de niveles crecientes de N (100; 120; y 170 kg N ha-1) aplicados en 2 parcialidades: 50% a inicios de primavera, y 50% a inicios del verano. En general, los árboles que recibieron dosis más altas de N presentaron un mayor crecimiento de brotes terminales y sección transversal de tronco (STT) respecto del control. El rendimiento (entre 60,0 y 62,0 kg árbol-1), la concentración mineral y las relaciones minerales en frutos tampoco se vieron afectadas por los tratamientos. Las concentraciones foliares de minerales fueron afectadas en el caso de N. Se detectó bitter pit sólo en un nivel bajo (1,4 en una escala de 1 a 4) no significativo estadísticamente. Bajo las condiciones estudiadas, ambos fertilizantes demostraron ser efectivos en aumentar el crecimiento vegetativo, respecto del control, pero no influyeron sobre el rendimiento, firmeza del frutos, contenido de solidos solubles, color de fondo y la incidencia de desórdenes fisiológicos.Fossilized red guano and organic controlled-release fertilizers are among the N fertilizers that can be used in organic production. There is little information about the impacts of these fertilizers on the vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality, and mineral contents in fruits. The objective of this study was to assess the responses of increasing levels of N fertilization with fossilized red guano and a controlled-release fertilizer (Fertil®) on the vegetative growth, fruit yield, quality and mineral composition of ‘Granny Smith’ apples grown under organic management. Treatments included the application of increasing levels of N fertilization (100, 120 and 170 kg N ha-1) applied 50% during early spring and 50% during early summer. In general, trees with higher levels of N fertilization showed greater terminal shoot length and trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) than those of the control treatment. Yield ranged from 60.0 to 62.0 kg tree-1, as well as fruit mineral concentration and ratios were not affected by the treatments. Leaf mineral concentrations were affected only in the case of N. Bitter pit incidence was low (1.4 in a scale 1-4), and therefore not statistically significant. Both fertilizers proved effective in enhancing vegetative growth compared to the control. Fertilizer applications did not affect tree cropping, fruit firmness, TSS, starch index, fruit ground color and incidence of physiological disorders