Big Locational Differences in Unemployment Despite High Labor Mobility

Considerable labor mobility exists across U.S. states, enough that, if migration arbitrages local unemployment, one might expect very low unemployment differences across states. However, cross-state data reveal large unemployment differences. An equilibrium multi-location model with stochastic worker-location match productivity and within-location trading frictions can account for these facts. In the model, some workers move to, or stay in, a location with high unemployment because they are more productive there than elsewhere. According to the model, labor mobility and aggregate unemployment are negatively related. This prediction is in stark contrast to standard sectoral reallocation theory, but consistent with the U.S. data.local labor market, mobility, local and aggregate unemployment, island model, search and matching model, local labor market dynamics

A Moment-Matching Method for Approximating Vector Autoregressive Processes by Finite-State Markov Chains

This paper proposes a moment-matching method for approximating vector autoregressions by finite-state Markov chains. The Markov chain is constructed by targeting the conditional moments of the underlying continuous process. The proposed method is more robust to the number of discrete values and tends to outperform the existing methods for approximating multivariate processes over a wide range of the parameter space, especially for highly persistent vector autoregressions with roots near the unit circle.Markov Chain, Vector Autoregressive Processes, Functional Equation, Numerical Methods, Moment Matching

Discretization of highly persistent correlated AR(1) shocks

The finite state Markov-Chain approximation method developed by Tauchen (1986) and Tauchen and Hussey (1991) is widely used in economics, finance and econometrics in solving for functional equations where state variables follow an autoregressive process. For highly persistent processes, the method requires a large number of discrete values for the state variables to produce close approximations which leads to an undesirable reduction in computational speed, especially in a multidimensional case. This paper proposes an alternative method of discretizing vector autoregressions. This method can be treated as an extension of Rouwenhorst's (1995) method which, according to our experiments, outperforms the existing methods in the scalar case for highly persistent processes. The new method works well as an approximation that is much more robust to the number of discrete values for a wide range of the parameter space.Finite State Markov-Chain Approximation; Discretization of Multivariate Autoregressive Processes; Transition Matrix; Numerical Methods; Value Function Iteration; the Rouwenhorst method; VAR

A new method for approximating vector autoregressive processes by finite-state Markov chains

This paper proposes a new method for approximating vector autoregressions by a finite-state Markov chain. The method is more robust to the number of discrete values and tends to outperform the existing methods over a wide range of the parameter space, especially for highly persistent vector autoregressions with roots near the unit circle.Markov Chain, Vector Autoregressive Processes, Functional Equation, Numerical Methods, Moment Matching, Numerical Integration

The Case of Mongolia

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 행정대학원 행정학과, 2020. 8. Koo, MinGyo.This thesis seeks to find the causal relationship between a foreign concessional loan and the government incumbency for the case of Mongolia. As a result, using multiple regression analysis, the causal relationship between two variables showed positive result which indicates that the increase of concessional loan makes the incumbent government stay longer. The conclusion is that the government borrows more concessional loan from donors to stay longer in power and use the foreign loan sources to finance the projects which are in line with their political interests. Additionally, the literature review explains the facts that some projects financed by foreign concessional loan are inefficient and the ODA is not an effective tool for economic growth and the development of the country. The reasons for inefficiency are that donor countries have their own economic interests and target the ones according to their needs. Also, the allocated financing is not used efficiently where it is needed and recipient countries buy products at higher prices, which makes ODA project results inefficient at the end. Not only inefficiency, I discussed negative impacts of ODA in the thesis. The worst is a debt trap which has become an important issue for developing countries recently, including Mongolia, because many developing countries fall into a debt trap due to its inability to repay their debt back to the donor country. Due to the poor ODA policy created by the government, countries external debt increases sharply and sovereign countries are facing reconsideration of their independence.본 논문은 몽골의 외국의 양허성 차관과 정부 재임기간과의 인과관계를 규명하고자 한다. 그 결과, 다중 회귀분석을 이용해 두 변수 사이의 인과관계를 보면 양허성 차관이 늘어나면 현 정부가 더 오래 머무를 수 있다는 긍정적인 결과가 나타났다. 결론은 정부가 장기 집권을 위해 공여국으로부터 더 많은 양허성 차관을 얻고 그들의 정치적 이익에 부합하는 프로젝트에 자금을 대기 위해 외국 차관을 사용한다는 것이다. 게다가, 문헌 조사에서는 외국의 양허성 차관으로 자금을 조달하는 일부 프로젝트는 비효율적이고 공적개발원조(ODA)는 경제성장과 국가의 발전에 효과적인 수단이 아니라는 사실을 설명한다. 비효율적인 이유는 공여국들이 그들 자신의 경제적 이익을 가지고 있고 그들의 필요에 따라 그 이익을 목표로 삼기 때문이다. 또한, 할당된 재원은 필요한 곳에서 효율적으로 사용되지 않고, 수원국들은 더 높은 가격으로 제품을 구입하기 때문에, 결국 공적개발원조 프로젝트 결과는 비효율적이다. 비효율적인 것뿐만 아니라, 본 논문에서 공적개발원조의 부정적 영향에 대해서도 논의하였다. 가장 나쁜 것은 최근 몽골을 포함한 개발도상국들에게 중요한 이슈가 되고 있는 것은 채무 함정인데, 많은 개발도상국들이 공여국에게 채무를 갚지 못해 채무의 함정에 걸려 있기 때문이다. 정부가 만든 부실 공적개발원조의 정책 때문에 국가들의 대외채무가 급증하고 주권국가들은 독립성을 재고해야 할 처지에 놓여있다.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. The Statement of the Problem 7 1.3. Purpose of Research and Research Questions 9 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12 2.1. Government Incumbency and Its Driving Force 12 2.2. Government Incumbency and the Socio-Economy 15 2.3. The Government and ODA 17 2.4. The Fundamental Determinants of ODA and Its Purpose 19 2.5. Effectiveness and Impact of ODA to Recipient Country 23 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 30 3.1. Variables and Data 30 3.2. The Estimation Model 35 CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH FINDINGS 40 4.1. Results 40 4.2. Discussion 42 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 53 5.1. Summary of Findings 53 5.2. Policy Implications and Limitations 55 REFERENCES 58 APPENDICES 61Maste

What Has Worked? Lessons from OECD Countries to Tackle Health Inequalities: A Review of the Literature

Objectives: The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the likely effectiveness of different types of interventions available in the literature aimed at reducing socio-economic health inequalities and highlight appropriate types of interventions to tackle health inequalities for future evidence-based policy. Methods: This study systematically reviewed 26 studies to determine the impact of interventions and policies on health inequality. Key databases were searched including EBSCO, PubMed, JSTOR, Cochrane library of databases and DHS database. Results: Interventions targeting healthy behaviors and prevention were most effective at reducing health inequalities. Interventions based on education and accesses to health care services were mostly successful in reducing health inequality. Interventions on poverty reduction showed inconclusive mixed results, but were mainly unsuccessful. Conclusion: Programs based on healthy lifestyle and behaviors, better housing and safe environment and access to health care, specifically improving distribution of health professionals in remote disadvantaged areas are effective to tackle health inequalities

Fabrication of relaxor-PT single crystals

The ultrahigh properties of relaxor‒lead-titanate (relaxor-PbTiO3) crystals have been proved to offer dramatic enhancements to electromechanical devices. The developmental stage of relaxor- PbTiO3 (PT) ferroelectrical crystals comprises three generations. The class of binary Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PZN-PT) and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) single crystals represents the first generation, which exhibits giant electromechanical properties and piezoelectric coefficients. The ternary system Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) represents the second generation, which demonstrates a greater coercive field (EC), a higher rhombohedral-to-tetragonal phase transition temperature (Tr-t) and a higher Curie temperature (TC) than those of the first generation. The third generation is Mn-modified Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (Mn:PIN-PMN-PT), which possesses a higher mechanical quality factor (Qm) than those of the first and second generations, while it maintains comparable piezoelectric responses to those of generations I and II. There are several techniques for the growth of relaxor-PT single crystals. Flux growth is a simple method, but its small output is inconvenient for mass production. The solid-state conversion growth (SSCG) method offers large quantities of single crystals. Furthermore, its operation is simple and costeffective. The quality of the single crystal is low, however, due to porosity and defects. The modified Bridgman method is a straightforward way of synthesizing large quantities of relaxor-PT crystals. Single crystals are directly grown from a molten ingot passing through a temperature gradient and the solidus line of the solid solution phase diagram. Compositional segregation is an unavoidable disadvantage of this method, although several modifications have introduced to overcome this issue. Rare-earth doping and a continuous feeding approach have been confirmed to produce single crystals with only low segregation. In this work, PMN-PT, Sm-modified PMN-PT, and Mn-modified PIN-PMN-PT single crystals are grown using the modified Bridgman method. A new vertical Bridgman furnace was assembled in the Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong. Ceramic materials were prepared using the two-step precursor method. Optimal conditions for ceramic synthesis have been studied. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials were investigated and confirmed to be good when compared them to reference values. PMN-PT single crystal was grown first. The physical appearance of the as-grown crystal was cloudy, and several grains were developed, as seen from cross-sectional view. The bottom part of the as-grown single crystal was also un-melted. The reason for these issues was that the charge was lifted to a position where the raw ceramic was not able to melt completely. Therefore, only the part in tapered section of the Pt crucible was melted, from which the crystallization was started with different grains. Learning from the first growth experiment, the next crystal growths were carefully carried out with operational condition’s changes. The growth procedure was carried out with a higher charge position and higher temperature in the upper zone to generate a greater temperature gradient. Consequently, pure and high quality Sm-modified PMN-PT and Mn-modified PIN-PMN-PT single crystals were grown. The recent development of relaxor-PT ferroelectric single crystals is also reviewed in this work. This review includes the growth methods, property improvement strategies, and application prospects based on the recent progress

Population Assessment of Khulan (\u3ci\u3eEquus hemionus\u3c/i\u3e) in Mongolia

The data presented here suggest that 18,411 (± 224) khulan inhabit southern Mongolia with a density of 1.4 individuals per 1,000 km2 within the 157,525 km2 territory of its actual distribution. The Dornogobi province contains the highest number of khulan with a mere 67%, while 20% are found in the Ömnögobi province, 12% are in Djungarian Gobi and only 1% in the Gobi-Altay and Bayankhongor provinces. According to the proportion of foals and yearlings within each aimag, the Dornogobi, Ömnögobi east and Khovd populations have an average reproduction rate

Social and Cultural Issues: Information and Communication Technology Policy in Mongolia

In the networking age, every country needs the capacity to understand and adjust global technologies for local needs. In the mid-seventies, the Government of Mongolia was giving much emphasis to science and technology information, having State Committee on Science and Technology and research institutions underneath. The main purpose of the State Committee was to focus on the provision of the science and technology information mainly received from academic institutions of former Soviet Union and socialist system countries. A number of the policy regulatory documents were developed to address the issues of the science and technology information

Janeway’s Immunobiology, 9th Edition

No abstract in Englis