Improved Optimization of Motion Primitives for Motion Planning in State Lattices

In this paper, we propose a framework for generating motion primitives for lattice-based motion planners automatically. Given a family of systems, the user only needs to specify which principle types of motions, which are here denoted maneuvers, that are relevant for the considered system family. Based on the selected maneuver types and a selected system instance, the algorithm not only automatically optimizes the motions connecting pre-defined boundary conditions, but also simultaneously optimizes the end-point boundary conditions as well. This significantly reduces the time consuming part of manually specifying all boundary value problems that should be solved, and no exhaustive search to generate feasible motions is required. In addition to handling static a priori known system parameters, the framework also allows for fast automatic re-optimization of motion primitives if the system parameters change while the system is in use, e.g, if the load significantly changes or a trailer with a new geometry is picked up by an autonomous truck. We also show in several numerical examples that the framework can enhance the performance of the motion planner in terms of total cost for the produced solution.Comment: Manuscript updated after reviewer comments and submitted to IV 201

A path planning and path-following control framework for a general 2-trailer with a car-like tractor

Maneuvering a general 2-trailer with a car-like tractor in backward motion is a task that requires significant skill to master and is unarguably one of the most complicated tasks a truck driver has to perform. This paper presents a path planning and path-following control solution that can be used to automatically plan and execute difficult parking and obstacle avoidance maneuvers by combining backward and forward motion. A lattice-based path planning framework is developed in order to generate kinematically feasible and collision-free paths and a path-following controller is designed to stabilize the lateral and angular path-following error states during path execution. To estimate the vehicle state needed for control, a nonlinear observer is developed which only utilizes information from sensors that are mounted on the car-like tractor, making the system independent of additional trailer sensors. The proposed path planning and path-following control framework is implemented on a full-scale test vehicle and results from simulations and real-world experiments are presented.Comment: Preprin