Effect of predation risk on swimming speed, abdominal muscle mass and oxidative damage.

<p>Mean (+1 SE) swimming speed (A), abdominal muscle mass (B), oxidative damage to proteins (carbonyl levels) (C) and oxidative damage to lipids (MDA levels) (D) of <i>C. puella</i> damselfly larvae as a function of experimental run and exposure to predation risk.</p

Effects of chlorpyrifos, food level and temperature on chill cold resistance.

<p>Mean chill coma recovery times of <i>E. cyathigerum</i> damselflyes as a function of exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos and (A) food level and (B) temperature. Given are least-squares means ± 1 SE. Open symbols represent the pesticide-free control animals, closed symbols represent the pesticide-exposed larvae.</p

Effects of chlorpyrifos, food level and temperature on development time and mass at emergence.

<p>Mean larval development time (A, C) and mass at emergence (B, D) of <i>E. cyathigerum</i> damselflies as a function of exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos and food level (A, B) and temperature (C, D). Given are least-squares means ± 1 SE. Open symbols represent the pesticide-free control animals, closed symbols represent the pesticide-exposed larvae.</p

Covariation patterns between swimming speed and abdominal muscle mass and oxidative damage.

<p>Covariation patterns between swimming speed and (A) abdominal muscle mass, (B) oxidative damage to proteins and (C) oxidative damage to lipids in <i>C. puella</i> damselfly larvae.</p

Effects of chlorpyrifos, food level and temperature on survival.

<p>Percentage of surviving <i>E. cyathigerum</i> damselflies as a function of exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos and food level (A) and temperature (B).</p

Appendix A. Comparison with literature data.

Comparison with literature data

Stoichiometric Responses to an Agricultural Pesticide Are Modified by Predator Cues

Current ecological risk assessment of pesticides fails to protect aquatic ecosystem health. To get better insight in how pesticides may affect aquatic ecosystems, we tested how sublethal pesticide concentrations modify body stoichiometry. Moreover, as interactions with natural stressors may cause underestimates of the impact of pesticides, we also tested whether this pathway depended on the presence of predator cues. Therefore, we exposed damselfly larvae to chlorpyrifos and cues from predatory dragonflies and focused on body stoichiometry and associated explanatory variables (growth rate, RNA:DNA, and energy storage molecules). The way the predator cues modulated the pesticide effects strongly differed between endpoints. Exposure to chlorpyrifos affected the key body stoichiometric ratios: chlorpyrifos consistently increased N:P, while its effects on C:N (decrease with predator cues) and C:P (increase without predator cues) strongly depended upon the presence of the natural stressor. These stoichiometric responses could be explained by associated changes in growth, RNA:DNA, and in C-rich fat and sugars and N-rich proteins. The observed changes in body stoichiometry may affect the damselflies’ food quality and have the potential to cascade through the food web and shape nutrient cycling

Survival, sex ratio, development time and size in the parental generation

This data file contains 5 sheets including data of all response variables in the parental generation. EmergencesuccessF0 contains emergence success data for each insectary. SexratioF0 provides numbers of males and females that successfully emerged from each insectary. DevtimeF0 contains development time of each larva from the start of the fourth larval stage until emergence. SizeadultF0 contains data on size (winglength) of the adults. LarvalsurF0 is survival data during the five day pesticide exposure period

Survival, sex ratio, development time and size in the offspring generation

This data file contains 5 sheets including data of all response variables in the offspring generation. EmergencesuccessF1 contains emergence success data for each insectary. SexratioF1 provides numbers of males and females that successfully emerged from each insectary. DevtimeF1 contains development time of each larva from the start of the fourth larval stage until emergence. SizeadultF1 contains data on size (winglength) of the adults. LarvalsurvivalF1 is survival data during the five day pesticide exposure period

JAPPL_2013_01046.R2

Sensitivity of damselfly larvae to pesticide chlorpyrifos under global warming