The Unfulfilled Promise of Citizen Review

Once controversial, the idea that citizens should participate in the administrative review of complaints about police conduct is today widely accepted. Citizen review processes of one type or another can be found in about eighty percent of our largest cities. There are approximately 100 separate oversight agencies in this country and that number has been growing steadily for some time. Even as citizen review has become an accepted feature of the landscape in American policing, however, questions have been raised about just what citizen participation in complaint review is likely to achieve in terms of improving police and the relations between police and communities. [T]here is a serious lack of research on the activities and effectiveness of oversight agencies, wrote Samuel Walker, the most consistent academic observer of citizen review mechanisms, in 2001. The spread of citizen review, he noted a few years earlier, has not brought complete joy [to the people who advocated for it.] In fact, there is a pervasive uneasy feeling that citizen review is not the panacea many expected it to be

Printmaking for Graphic Design Students in the Age of the Digital Screen: An Art, a Craft or a Creative Intersection

This article discusses the research, exploration, practice and positive impact on student learning outcomes of a ‘Blended Learning’ initiative printmaking project course that was introduced into a digital platform-based graphic design program. Printmaking is the transference of an artwork via various means onto the surface of a substrate, mainly paper, involving media, technologies and crafts that are distinctly different to the digital platform. The pedagogical learning methods involved practice led-research where students explored various printmaking forms whilst developing creative works in these mediums. This practicum initiative for design students that do not have traditional art practices within their program structure was important as it furthers their education whilst developing a number of important personal qualities, particularly those of initiative, perseverance and self- reliance. Importantly, these traditional skills broadened their interplay and understanding between visual arts, the craft of printmaking with conventional and digital technical skills, resulting in a dynamic body of work for their portfolio. The course and following offerings included the conversion of their handcrafted work onto a digital platform into actual design outcomes, thus providing a clear link between the handcrafting and digital technology. Graphic design students completing the printmaking course embraced the opportunity to draw methods from cross‐disciplinary pursuits to compliment and extend their knowledge and to support fresh, contemporary ideas in which to contribute to their various major design studies. Keywords: Printmaking, handcraft, pedagogy, graphic design, digital, computer

Issues in Article III Courts

Cases implicating classified information can pose difficult legal issues for Article III courts, and these issues may well grow more complicated and arise more frequently as the global war on terror continues. The manner in which these issues are resolved has profound implications for the national security, for the procedural rights of litigants, and for the public\u27s ability to scrutinize legal proceedings. Indeed, the expanded use of secret evidence in Article III courts may raise questions about the very character of the courts themselves. Is there a point at which the demands placed upon these courts, pushing them in the direction of considering evidence and submissions from both adversaries in less than a fully adversarial and public way, threaten the courts\u27 essential character or even their constitutional role? Are Article III courts equipped to deal with terrorism-related cases that implicate national security information

A Personal Note

It\u27s a pleasure to introduce this issue honoring Columbia\u27s most lovable curmudgeon. What can I say about the Harlan Fiske Stone Professor of Law? I should acknowledge, at the start, Henry\u27s profound intellectual contribution to Columbia and to the law. There are not many of us who can say, with justification, that we\u27ve written the Greatest Hits of Public Law Scholarship over the course of our careers. And few of us have made individual contributions that equal Constitutional Common Law, Marbury and the Administrative State, We the People[s], Stare Decisis, or The Constitution Goes to Harvard. Henry is unusual among scholars in that you can pick a title from his CV at random and manage to name a chart-topper. Henry doesn\u27t repeat himself, and he doesn\u27t write filler. He just writes Greatest Hits

Police, Community Caretaking, and the Fourth Amendment

The local police have multiple responsibilities, only one of which is the enforcement of criminal law. Police gather eyewitness accounts in the aftermath of a shooting, but they also assist lost children in locating their parents. Police identify and arrest those who have committed felonies, but they also respond to heart attack victims and help inebriates find their way home. Sometimes police check on the well-being of elderly citizens. As Professor Goldstein said some twenty years ago, The total range of police responsibilities is extraordinarily broad .... Anyone attempting to construct a workable definition of the police role will typically come away with old images shattered and with a new-found appreciation for the intricacies of police work. In the typical Fourth Amendment case, police have intruded on privacy in service of law enforcement objectives. Fourth Amendment intrusions by local police, however, are in no way limited to contexts implicating their law enforcement role. Thus, when police enter an apartment to render aid to a woman who is having a baby, they seek neither evidence nor suspects. Such intrusions instead involve what the Supreme Court in Cady v Dombrowski termed the community caretaking functions of local police – functions totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute. Of course, sometimes community caretaking and law enforcement are intertwined. When police respond to a burglary alarm late at night and arrive to find shattered glass around a broken window in an apparently violated home, officers may well go inside. They enter in order to apprehend a burglar and to find evidence of crime. They also enter to ensure that no one is injured within

A Tribute to Jerry Israel: A Friend with a Messy Office

A Tribute to Jerry Israe

Gang Loitering, the Court, and Some Realism About Police Patrol

When the Supreme Court voted to review the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court holding Chicago\u27s gang loitering ordinance invalid on federal constitutional grounds, it seemed plausible that City of Chicago v Morales would be the occasion for a major statement from the Court on a set of complex issues – issues including not only the nature of the police officer\u27s authority to maintain order in public places, but also the relative roles of politics and judicial decision making in delineating both the limits on this authority and the latitude left to police to employ discretion in its exercise. After all, communities today are experimenting with a broad variety of new policing styles. Some of these experiments have emphasized the importance of a neighborhood\u27s public spaces to the health of its community and have involved police in efforts to improve the quality of life in such spaces. Police have seen to the removal of trash and abandoned cars along streets where children play. There has been a revival of interest in the enforcement of statutes and ordinances aimed at low-level public disorder. In some places, this local experimentation has produced a new confidence among community residents in the ability of police to con- tribute to the well-being of the neighborhoods they serve. Elsewhere, however, police initiatives directed at crime and disorder have generated concern, anxiety, and outright anger about police intrusiveness, particularly as directed at minority populations

Racial Profiling Under Attack

The events of September 11, 2001, have sparked a fierce debate over racial profiling. Many who readily condemned the practice a year ago have had second thoughts. In the wake of September 11, the Department of Justice initiated a program of interviewing thousands of men who arrived in this country in the past two years from countries with an al Qaeda presence – a program that some attack as racial profiling, and others defend as proper law enforcement. In this Essay, Professors Gross and Livingston use that program as the focus of a discussion of the meaning of racial profiling, its use in a variety of contexts, and its relationship to other police practices that take race or ethnicity into account

Racial Profiling Under Attack

The events of September 11, 2001, have sparked a fierce debate over racial profiling. Many who readily condemned the practice a year ago have had second thoughts. In the wake of September 11, the Department of Justice initiated a program of interviewing thousands of men who arrived in this country in the past two years from countries with an al Qaeda presence – a program that some attack as racial profiling, and others defend as proper law enforcement. In this Essay, Professors Gross and Livingston use that program as the focus of a discussion of the meaning of racial profiling, its use in a variety of contexts, and its relationship to other police practices that take race or ethnicity into account