An Analysis of Topographic Effects on LANDSAT Thematic Mapper Image Using Digital Terain Data

A comprehensive literature review on the simulation and corrections of topographic variations in remote sensing data was presented. The effects of topography on the scene radiance of LANDSAT thematic mapper (TM) image were examined in the context of the remote sensing of vegetation m Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). To simulate the image intensity component due to varying orientation of surface elements, two reflectance models were adopted to generate the synthetic images from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Visual and analytical procedures were developed to register the TM image to the DEM data. The dark tones of scene radiance of most TM bands effective to vegetation classification were found to be caused by the terrain relief surface with incidence angle more than 55° rather than the intrinsic scene properties. Statistically significant correlation were found between LANDSAT TM data and the synthetic brightness values. The best correlation coefficient was 0.854. This result indicated that a simple linear model gives a good prediction of measured brightness as a function of the cosine of the incident angle of the direct solar beam. The residual images were produced from the linear regression model of real LANDSAT TM and synthetic images. The segmentation of residual images was performed based on the two segmenting criteria to extract ground spectral patterns. The outcome is discussed with a view to achieving a better understanding of the nature of problem

To what extend the heritage sites/attractions in U.K. have adopted digital marketing to meet the emerging consumer needs and behavior

Digital marketing seems to be one of the most popular marketing concept in recent years. The raising of digital media has considerably changed people’s life and how they interact with the brand. Facing the raising power from the customer side, companies/organizations in a wild range have transformed to this new marketing paradigm, leveraging multiple digital media and inventions to interact with their consumer and invite them to create the experience together. As a service business, Tourism industry has also experienced this change significantly. And as a big part of the business, heritage sites and attractions are also hugely linked with this new marketing concept. As Michael Porter said: “The key question is not whether to deploy Internet technology – companies have no choice if they want to stay competitive – but how to deploy it.” In this case, this paper aims to interrogate how the heritage sites have adopted digital marketing to match the new customer behavior and needs. Based on the review of the academic achievement in three related areas – Digital Marketing, Tourism Marketing and Heritage Marketing, a conceptual framework will be built for assessing several representative heritage sites in U.K. according to the wide accepted academic standard. From the analysis, the paper is trying to give a general and basic picture about the status of theoretical study on digital marketing towards heritage sites and how digital marketing has been used in the practical side