Technique for analyzing human respiratory process

Electronic system /MIRACLE 2/ places frequency and gas flow rate of the respiratory process within a common frame of reference to render them comparable and compatible with ''real clock time.'' Numerous measurements are accomplished accurately on a strict one-minute half-minute, breath-by-breath, or other period basis

Charge-dependent Azimuthal Correlations in Relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions and Electromagnetic Effects

We propose a scenario where the pattern of the recently observed charge-dependent azimuthal correlations can be understood qualitatively. This is based on the cluster picture and the assumption that the charged hadrons that flow outward from the surface of the overlapping region of the colliding nuclei move primarily parallel to the reaction plane. We also point out the there is a strong electric field induced by the transient magnetic field during the parton production in the initial phase of the relativistic heavy-ion collision and discuss its possible relevance to the scenario.Comment: Revised version to be published in Phys. Rev.

A low-bandgap dimeric porphyrin molecule for 10% efficiency solar cells with small photon energy loss

Dimeric porphyrin molecules have great potential as donor materials for high performance bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). Recently reported dimeric porphyrins bridged by ethynylenes showed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of more than 8%. In this study, we design and synthesize a new conjugated dimeric D-A porphyrin ZnP2BT-RH, in which the two porphyrin units are linked by an electron accepting benzothiadiazole (BT) unit. The introduction of the BT unit enhances the electron delocalization, resulting in a lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level and an increased molar extinction coefficient in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The bulk heterojunction solar cells with ZnP2BT-RH as the donor material exhibit a high PCE of up to 10% with a low energy loss (Eloss) of only 0.56 eV. The 10% PCE is the highest for porphyrin-based OSCs with a conventional structure, and this Eloss is also the smallest among those reported for small molecule-based OSCs with a PCE higher than 10% to date

X-shaped radio galaxies as observational evidence for the interaction of supermassive binary black holes and accretion disk at pc scale

A supermassive black hole binary may form during galaxy mergering. we investigate the interaction of the supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) and an accretion disk and show that the detected X-shaped structure in some FRII radio galaxies may be due to the interaction-realignment of inclined binary and accretion disk occurred within the pc scale of the galaxy center. We compare in detail the model and observations and show that the configuration is consistent very well with the observations of X-shaped radio sources. X-shaped radio feature form only in FRII radio sources due to the strong interaction between the binary and a standard disk, while the absence of X-shaped FRI radio galaxies is due to that the interaction between the binary and the radiatively inefficient accretion flow in FRI radio sources is negligible. It is suggested that the binary would keep misaligned with the outer disk for most of the life time of FRII radio galaxies and the orientation of jet in most FRII radio galaxies distributes randomly, while the jets in most FRI radio galaxies is expected to be vertical to the accretion disk and thus the major axis of host galaxy. We discuss the relationship of X-shaped and double-double radio galaxies (DDRGs). The model is applied in paticular to two X-shaped radio sources 4C+01.30 and 3C293 and one DDRG source J0116-473 and show that the SMBBHs in the three objects have black hole mass ratios $q \sim 0.1 - 0.3$.Comment: 35 pages, no figure, no table. Accepted for publication in MNRA

The Spectral Features of Disk and Corona with Mass Evaporation in the Low/Hard State

We investigate the spectral features of accretion flows composed of an outer cool, optically thick disk and inner hot, optically thin, advection dominated accretion flows (ADAF) within the framework of disk and corona with mass evaporation (Liu et al. 2002a). In this work, both the magnetic field and Compton scattering of soft photons from the disk by electrons in the corona are included to calculate the evaporation rates at different distances. The disk is truncated at the distance where the evaporation rate equals to the accretion rate ($\dot m_{\rm evap}(r_{\rm tr})=\dot m$). For a series of accretion rates, the corresponding truncation radii are calculated out, with which we are able to calculate the emergent spectra from the inner ADAF + outer disk + corona. At very low accretion rates, the spectra are similar to that of a pure ADAF because the disk is truncated at large distances. The disk component becomes important at high accretion rates since the truncation occurs at small distances. An anti-correlation between the Eddington ratio $\xi \equiv L_{\rm 0.5-25 \,keV}/L_{\rm Edd}$ and the hard X-ray photon index $\Gamma_{\rm 3-25 \,keV}$ at low/hard states is predicted by the model. Comparing the theoretical results with observations, we find that our model can reproduce the anti-correlation between the Eddington ratio $\xi$ and the hard X-ray photon index observed for the X-ray binary XTE J1118+480.Comment: 11 pages and 7 figures, published by PAS