Tourism Translation in the Light of Eco-translatology and Existing Translation Theories

The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of Eco-Translatology raised by Gengshen Hu (2013) and reveal its relationship with the following translation theories: Michael Cronin’s (2017) eco-translation, the Polysystem theory developed by Even- Zohar (1979/1990) and Toury (1995), contextual dimensions proposed by Hatim and Mason (1990), and functional approaches studied by Reiss & Vermeer (1984) and Christiane Nord (1991/2005). These different approaches are then adopted to analyze Spain's official tourism website for Cordoba in the Spanish language and its translation into Chinese. Through comparison, we find that despite the similarities, the main difference between Hu and other Western translation theories is the object of study. For Hu, it is the translator, and for the analyzed Western scholars, it is the translated text

Access to urban parks: Comparing spatial accessibility measures using three GIS-based approaches

Urban parks are essential components of urban ecosystems, providing recreation and relaxation places to residents. Measuring the spatial accessibility to urban parks serves as an initial step in urban planning and developing urban development strategies to improve social and environmental justice. This study aims to evaluate measures of spatial accessibility to urban parks by comparing three geographic information systems (GIS)-based approaches, accounting for network complexity, transport modes, distance thresholds, and destination choices. Taking Ipswich City (Australia) and Enschede (the Netherlands) as two testbeds, we examine the spatial patterns of a total of 21 accessibility measures in the two cities and conduct a correlation and principal component analysis to unravel the interrelationship between these measures. The results suggest that among all measures under the three approaches, the selection of distance thresholds and transport modes matter more to accessibility measures than the destination choices. Furthermore, when distance threshold and transport mode are held constant, the network-based and entrance-based methods provide more realistic accessibility measures than other methods. We also discuss the generality of the entrance-based method we propose and suggest ways to choose the most appropriate accessibility measure for use in different contexts

Measuring polycentric urban development : the importance of accurately determining the ‘balance’ between ‘centers’

In recent years, much research has been devoted to developing appropriate analytical frameworks to capture polycentric urban development (PUD). In a recent contribution to this journal, Bartosiewicz and Marcińczak (2020) present what is arguably the most comprehensive, comparative review to date of the degree to which different analytical frameworks produce consistent results. The purpose of this research note is to show why we believe parts of Bartosiewicz and Marcińczak's (2020) findings need nuance and qualification. Our starting point is that a useful comparison between different studies and measurement frameworks needs to consider the relevance of consistency in several key dimensions, two of which are particularly pertinent here: (1) the careful specification of what constitutes a ‘center’ in a polycentric urban system, and (2) the identification of the ‘balance’ between centers as a measure of the degree of polycentricity. Two brief empirical analyses of the degree of morphological polycentricity in Polish NUTS-3 areas and the Chinese city-regions along the ‘Yangtze Economic Belt’ are included. Finally, suggestions are provided to facilitate future comparative analyses of PUD

Induction of immune responses in ducks with a DNA vaccine encoding duck plague virus glycoprotein C

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein C (gC) of duck plague virus (DPV) was evaluated for inducing immunity in ducks. The plasmid encoding gC of DPV was administered via intramuscular (IM) injection and gene gun bombardment.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After immunization by both routes virus-specific serum antibody and T-cell responses developed. Vaccination of ducks by IM injection induced a stronger humoral, but weaker cell-mediated immune response. In contrast, a better cell-mediated immune response was achieved by using a gene gun to deliver DNA-coated gold beads to the epidermis with as little as 6 μg of DNA.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This demonstrated that both routes of DNA inoculation can be used for eliciting virus-specific immune responses. Although DNA vaccine containing DPV gC is effective in both intramuscular injection and gene gun bombardment, the latter could induce significantly higher cell-mediated responses against DPV.</p

Cloning, expression and characterization of gE protein of Duck plague virus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The gE protein of duck plague virus is the important membrane glycoprotein, its protein characterization has not been reported. In this study, we expressed and presented the characterization of the DPV gE product.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>According to the sequence of the gE gene, a pair of primers were designed, and the DNA product with 1490bp in size was amplified by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR product was cloned into pMD18-T vector, and subcloned into pET32a(+), generating the recombinant plasmid pET32a/DPV-gE. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the fusion pET32a/DPV-gE protein was highly expressed after induction by 0.2 mM IPTG at 30°C for 4.5 h in Rosseta host cells. Over expressed 6×His-gE fusion protein was purified by nickel affinity chromatography, and used to immunize the rabbits for the preparation of polyclonal antibody. The result of the intracellular localization revealed that the gE protein was appeared to be in the cytoplasm region. The real time PCR, RT-PCR analysis and Western blotting revealed that the gE gene was produced most abundantly during the late phase of replication in DPV-infected cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this work, the DPV gE protein was successfully expressed in a prokaryotic expression system, and we presented the basic properties of the DPV gE product for the first time. These properties of the gE protein provided a prerequisite for further functional analysis of this gene.</p

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Duck plague virus gE protein on DPV-infected ducks

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In previous studies, the expression and localization characteristics of duck plague virus (DPV) gE protein have been described in cultured cells, but the properties of DPV gE protein have not been reported in vivo. Immunofluorescence analysis had been used for the detection of virus antigen, but there was no report on the use of this technique for the detection of DPV gE. In this study, we investigated the distribution of DPV gE protein on DPV-infected ducks using polyclonal antibody raised against the recombinant His-gE fusion protein by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The recombinant gE protein was highly immunogenicity by ELISA, and the gE was used as an antigen for the preparation of polyclonal antibody, which could be used the first antibody for further experiment to study the distribution of DPV gE protein in DPV-infected tissues by indirect immunofluorescence assay. DPV gE protein were distributed in the immune organs (thymus, bursa of fabricius (BF), Harders glands, spleen), the digestive organs (liver, duodenum, jejunum, ileum), and the other parenchymatous organs (kidney, myocardium, cerebrum, and lung) of DPV-infected ducks, but the positive immunofluorescence signal was not seen in the muscle and pancreas. The lymphocytes, reticulum cells, macrophages, epithelial cells, and hepatocytes served as the principal site for the localization of DPV gE antigen. Moreover, the intensity of fluorescence increased sharply from 12 to 216 h post-infection (p.i.).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this work, the immunogenicity of the recombinant gE protein was analyzed by ELISA, and we presented the distribution properties of DPV gE antigen in infected ducks for the first time, which may be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of DPV. These properties of the gE protein provided the prerequisite for further functional analysis.</p