Development of Threshold Levels and a Climate-Sensitivity Model of the Hydrological Regime of the High-Altitude Catchment of the Western Himalayas, Pakistan

Water shortages in Pakistan are among the most severe in the world, and its water resources are decreasing significantly due to the prevailing hydro-meteorological conditions. We assessed variations in meteorological and hydrological variables using innovative trend analysis (ITA) and traditional trend analysis methods at a practical significance level, which is also of practical interest. We developed threshold levels of hydrological variables and developed a non-parametric climate-sensitivity model of the high-altitude catchment of the western Himalayas. The runoff of Zone I decreased, while the temperature increased and the precipitation increased significantly. In Zone II, the runoff and temperature increased but the precipitation decreased. A two-dimensional visualization of the Pardé coefficient showed extreme drought events, and indicated greater sensitivity of the hydrological regime to temperature than to precipitation. The threshold levels of runoff for Zones I and II were 320 and 363 mm using the Q80 fixed method, while the mean runoff amounts were estimated to be 79.95 and 55.61 mm, respectively. The transient threshold levels varied by month, and the duration of droughts in Zones I and II ranged from 26.39 to 78.98 days. The sensitivity of the hydrological regime was estimated based on a modified climate-elasticity model (εp = 0.11–0.23, εt = −0.04–2.39) for Zones I and II, respectively. These results highlight the sensitivity of the hydrological regime to temperature, which influences the melting process. However, it is important to establish thresholds for hydrological variables and understand the climate sensitivity of the hydrological regime of the entire basin, so that policy makers and water managers can make sustainable water-resource-management decisions for this region

Simultaneous CTEQ-TEA extraction of PDFs and SMEFT parameters from jet and ttˉt{\bar t} data

Recasting phenomenological Lagrangians in terms of SM effective field theory (SMEFT) provides a valuable means of connecting potential BSM physics at momenta well above the electroweak scale to experimental signatures at lower energies. In this work we jointly fit the Wilson coefficients of SMEFT operators as well as the PDFs in an extension of the CT18 global analysis framework, obtaining self-consistent constraints to possible BSM physics effects. Global fits are boosted with machine-learning techniques in the form of neural networks to ensure efficient scans of the full PDF+SMEFT parameter space. We focus on several operators relevant for top-quark pair and jet production at hadron colliders and obtain constraints on the Wilson coefficients with Lagrange Multiplier scans. We find mild correlations between the extracted Wilson coefficients, PDFs, and other QCD parameters, and see indications that these correlations may become more prominent in future analyses based on data of higher precision. This work serves as a new platform for joint analyses of SM and BSM physics based on the CTEQ-TEA framework.Comment: 39 pages, 18 figure

Increasing climate change changes household medical expenditures

Climate change is exacerbating global disease risks, which will change household medical expenditures. Employing machine learning techniques and fine-scale bank transaction data, this study explores the changing household medical expenditures in 290 Chinese cities under four SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0、SSP5-8.5) and further evaluates the adaptive impacts from socio-economic and physiological adaptations. The results show that the increasing temperature is projected to decrease future medical expenses in China by 5.24% (SSP1-2.6) to 5.60% (SSP5-8.5) in 2060. Cities exhibit differentiated sensitivity to increasing temperatures. Richer cities have enhanced resilience to high temperatures, and cold regions demonstrate less vulnerability to extreme cold weather. Physiological adaptation to climate change can significantly reduce medical expenditures by 27.6% by 2060. Meanwhile, socio-economic adaptation is expected to amplify national total medical expenses by 22.5% in 2060 under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. Our study incorporates adaptation into the prediction of future medical expenditures in China, aiming to assist cities in devising tailored climate adaptation strategies to alleviate the household economic strain induced by climate change

Muscle oxygenation trend in patients with hypertensive type 2 diabetes mellitus

本研究は,2型糖尿病患者を高血圧合併の有無により分類し,運動筋酸素動態の差異を明らかにすることを目的とした.運動は,最大随意筋力の30%の強度にて3分30秒間の足関節底屈運動を行い,終了直前30秒間に一時的動脈血流遮断法を併用して,筋酸素利用変化率(%MO2)を算出し,運動終了後の筋酸素化レベル回復時間(TR)を測定した.その結果,高血圧合併2型糖尿病患者は,ヘモグロビンA1cおよび上腕動脈-足動脈間脈波伝播速度(baPWV)が有意に高値を示し(p<0.05),%MO2 に有意差は認められなかった.またTRは有意に延長し(p<0.05),baPWVとTRには有意な正の相関関係を認めた(r=0.58,p<0.05).以上のことから,高血圧合併2型糖尿病患者では,高血圧を合併しない糖尿病患者と比較して,中等度運動での筋酸素化レベルに差異は認められないが,動脈硬化により酸素供給が低下した結果,TRが延長することが明らかとなった.Background : It is known that hypertension with type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of arterial stiffness, but it is not clear whether it is accompanied by abnormal oxygenation in the exercising muscle. Methods and results: A total of 50 patients with type 2 diabetes, comprising normotensive patients (n=34, Age:53.6±8.6, BMI:23.0±3.9) and hypertensive patients (n=16, Age:53.9±8.2, BMI:24.5±3.5) , was studied. Right gastronomies muscle oxygenation was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy while resting and in a 210 sec planter flexion exercise. Muscle oxygen utilization rate (%MO2) was calculated as the increasing rate of oxygenated hemoglobin/mymoglobin during a 30 sec arterial occlusion, and reoxygenation time (TR) was calculated after arterial occlusion. The results demonstrated that glycol hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and baPWV in hypertensive patients (HbA1c:7.5±1.2%, baPWV:1777.9±320.7 cm/sec) were significantly different from those in normotensive patients (HbA1c:6.7±0.8%, baPWV:1520.2±211.8 cm/sec)(p<0.05, p<0.001), while no difference was observed in %MO2. Moreover, the TR was found to be slower in the hypertensive patients, and showed a positive relationship with the baPWV (r=0.58, p<0.05). From these results, it could be concluded that the arterial stiffness was caused by the decrease of oxygenation and the prolonging of TR in the hypertension with type 2 diabetes patients

Synthesis of Visible-Light Driven CrxOy-TiO2 Binary Photocatalyst System Based on Hierarchical Macro-Mesoporous Silica

Hierarchical macro–mesoporous silica materials co-incorporated with Cr and Ti were directly synthesized by adopting close-packed array of polystyrene microsphere as hard template for macropore through a simple soaking-calcination way, where Si/Ti ratio was fixed at 200 and Si/Cr ratio was set between 200 and 10. Ti specie is highly dispersed in porous matrix and Cr specie mainly exists as tetra-coordinated CrO3 at higher Si/Cr ratio (Si/Cr ≥ 50), which transforms to a mixture of CrO3 and crystallized hexa-coordinated Cr2O3when Si/Cr ratio is below 50. This highly interconnected porous material co-incorporated with Cr and Ti presents highest visible-light driven photocatalytic activity at Si/Cr = 20 toward degradation of AO7. Moreover, macro–mesoporous photocatalyst presents higher activity than those of macroporous and mesoporous ones at the same Si/Cr ratio. The improved visible light driven catalytic activity is mainly attributed to effective metal to metal charge transfer from Cr(VI) to Ti(IV) benefitted from the uniform dispersion of these two species in hierarchical porous silica matrix

Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Polymerization of N-Methyl Imidazolium Phosphotungstic Catalyst

N-methyl imidazolium phosphotungstic salt has been synthesized and used as a special catalyst for photopolymerization of vinyl monomers. This is a fast and smooth reaction, and high molecular weight polymers with narrow polydispersity are obtained within 60 min. The compound was structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The electrochemical property is determined on a CHI 660 electrochemistry workstation. The polymerization initiated by N-methyl imidazolium phosphotungstic salt showed controlling characteristics, the catalyst can be easily isolated from polymer product, and reused for at least 10 times

A Probabilistic Statistical Method for the Determination of Void Morphology with CFD-DEM Approach

Voids that are formed by gas injection in a packed bed play an important role in metallurgical and chemical furnaces. Herein, two-phase gas&ndash;solid flow in a two-dimensional packed bed during blast injection was simulated numerically. The results indicate that the void stability was dynamic, and the void shape and size fluctuated within a certain range. To determine the void morphology quantitatively, a probabilistic method was proposed. By statistically analyzing the white probability of each pixel in binary images at multiple times, the void boundaries that correspond to different probability ranges were obtained. The boundary that was most appropriate with the simulation result was selected and defined as the well-matched void boundary. Based on this method, the morphologies of voids that formed at different gas velocities were simulated and compared. The method can help us to express the morphological characteristics of the dynamically stable voids in a numerical simulation

Simultaneous CTEQ-TEA extraction of PDFs and SMEFT parameters from jet and t t ¯ tt‾ t\overline{t} data

Abstract Recasting phenomenological Lagrangians in terms of SM effective field theory (SMEFT) provides a valuable means of connecting potential BSM physics at momenta well above the electroweak scale to experimental signatures at lower energies. In this work we jointly fit the Wilson coefficients of SMEFT operators as well as the PDFs in an extension of the CT18 global analysis framework, obtaining self-consistent constraints to possible BSM physics effects. Global fits are boosted with machine-learning techniques in the form of neural networks to ensure efficient scans of the full PDF+SMEFT parameter space. We focus on several operators relevant for top-quark pair and jet production at hadron colliders and obtain constraints on the Wilson coefficients with Lagrange Multiplier scans. We find mild correlations between the extracted Wilson coefficients, PDFs, and other QCD parameters, and see indications that these correlations may become more prominent in future analyses based on data of higher precision. This work serves as a new platform for joint analyses of SM and BSM physics based on the CTEQ-TEA framework