Ecologia e evolução da dispersão de sementes por primatas neotropicais

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-12T08:38:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_lisieux_franco_fuzessy_biologia_vegetal_2017.pdf: 5578818 bytes, checksum: 530258e4dcb68585bf6b6b5739b426e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 27O funcionamento e a dinâmica de florestas tropicais são, em grande parte, infuenciados pelo mutualismo entre frutos carnosos e vertebrados frugívoros, processo que promove consequências evolutivas e ecológicas fundamentais. Em troca do transporte de suas sementes para locais adequados para germinar e crescer, as plantas oferecem aos frugívoros uma recompensa nutricional. Assim, a ecologia alimentar e os padrões de atividade dos frugívoros determinam a efetividade do serviço oferecido como dispersores e este serviço está diretamente relacionado à probabilidade de sobrevivência, germinação desementes e recrutamento de plântulas. Devido a este impacto na reprodução e fitness, as interações mutualísticas podem determinar a seleção e subsequente evolução de traços nas plantas. Primatas, juntamente com aves e morcegos, são os principais agentes dispersores em florestas tropicais. Seu corpo grande e hábito arbóreo, associados ao elevado consumo de frutos são o resultado de adaptações morfológicas, de locomoção e também sensoriais que se refletem em guildas alimentares. Buscando preencher lacunas no conhecimento acerca das consequências ecológicas e evolutivas da dispersão de sementes por primatas na região Neotropical, procuramos reunir, organizar e ampliar as informações disponíveis. Avaliamos, do ponto de vista ecológico e filogenético das plantas, as consequências das interações com primatas e testamos hipóteses acerca da ecologia e evolução da dispersão de sementes por diferentes guildas alimentares. O hábito alimentar generalista dos primatas não nos permitiu identificar consequências do mutualismo para a evolução da morfologia de frutos. Porém, a forte associação entre caracteres morfológicos apontou para existência de uma síndrome de dispersão primatocórica. Além disso, demonstramos que primatas dispersam grande diversidade de espécies de plantas, ingerem e dispersam sementes e frutos de variados tamanhos, tipos e cores, movem sementes para locais fora da área de influência do parental e favorecem a germinação após a passagem pelo trato digestivo. O papel dos primatas como dispersores é definido de acordo com as guildas alimentares, sendo o grau de frugivoria diretamente proporcional à qualidade do serviço oferecidoThe mutualism among fleshy fruits and fruit-eating vertebrates largely influence tropical forests functioning and dynamics, and promotes fundamental evolutionary and ecological consequences. During food handling, frugivores transport seeds to sutable sites to germinate and grow and, in turn, plants offer a nutritional reward. Thus, the frugivorefeeding ecology and activity patterns determine its effectiveness as a disperser. Seed dispersal process establishes the probability of seed and seedling survival, seed germination and seedling recruitment. These impacts of mutualistic interactions on plant reproduction and fitness therefore influence selection and evolution of fruit traits. Primates,toghether with birds and bats, are the main disperser agents in tropical forests. A large body size associated with the arboreal habit and high fruit consumption are the outcome of sensorial, morphological and locomotor daptations, which reflects in feeding guilds. Here we gather, organize and expand available information about the ecological and evolutionary consequences of seed dispersal by primates in the Neotropical region aiming to fill knowledge gaps. We evaluate, from a plant ecological and phylogenetic point of view, the consequences of mutualistic interactions with Neotropical primates. We tested hypotheses on the ecology and evolution of seed dispersal by distinct feeding guilds. In terms of feeding ecology primates tend to be generalist and this fact prevented us to identify the consequences of mutualism to the evolution of fruit morphology. However, the strong association among morphological fruit traits in primate-dispersed species pointed to the existence of a dispersal syndrome. Also, we showed that primates are able to swallowand disperse a wide range of plant species, fruit colors, types and sizes, and move seeds to sites far from the zone of influence of the parent crown, and also promote germination after gut passage. The role of primates as seed dispersers is defined according to the feedingguilds, and the degree of frugivory modulates the quality of the service offere

Comparative study of the morphology of wild Callithrix sp. hybrid groups in Viçosa, MG

Hibridação é o cruzamento entre indivíduos de populações distintas que resulta na produção de descendentes com ascendência mista. A hibridação natural é um mecanismo evolutivo importante e vem sendo relatado nos últimos 25 anos para várias espécies de Primatas Neotropicais. Estes animais apresentam uma notável variação com relação ao tamanho corporal e as espécies são identificáveis com base na coloração da pelagem. Estudos da morfometria deste grupo são raros na literatura científica, uma vez que a maioria deles se restringe a um ou poucos dados, como peso corporal, ou a levantamentos de estudos antigos. No presente trabalho detectamos indivíduos híbridos nos fragmentos florestais de Viçosa, descrevendo a variação no padrão corporal e facial de pelagem e caracterizando a morfometria externa dos animais. O estudo envolveu 79 indivíduos (40 saguis híbridos do gênero Callithrix, 22 representantes de C. penicillata e 17 de C. geoffroyi). Os animais foram capturados em armadilhas de múltiplas entradas, anestesiados e em seguida foram fotografados e medidos. Com base nos padrões corporais, foi detectada uma coloração uniforme entre os híbridos. Quanto a coloração da face, observamos cinco morfotipos diferentes. Morfometricamente, não houve diferença significativa entre machos e fêmeas e as três espécies em estudo são estatisticamente parecidas quanto ao comprimento do corpo. Entre os híbridos e C. penicillata existe uma similaridade nas medidas craniais e de peso corporal, enquanto que entre os híbridos e C. geoffroyi a similaridade se dá nas medidas dos membros. A existência de morfotipos híbridos e sua elevada capacidade reprodutiva indicam um isolamento reprodutivo incompleto entre as espécies em questão. Tais resultados permitem identificar indivíduos híbridos com vários níveis de introgressão na cidade de Viçosa. Além disso, o presente estudo adiciona alguns dados ausentes sobre a morfometria clássica de Callithriquídeos, apresentando medidas corporais externas nunca relatadas.Hybridization is the interbreeding between individuals from distinct populations resulting in the production of some offspring of mixed ancestry. Natural hybridization is an important evolutionary mechanism that hasbeen reported in the last 25 years for several Neotropical Primate. New World Monkeys show remarkable variation in body size and they have been identified on the basis of a mosaic pelage color. Studies on morphometry of this group are scarce in scientific literature, since most studies have been restricted to body weight analysis and compilation of data originated from old studies. We detected groups of hybrid individuals in Viçosa s forest fragments, described the corporal and facial pelage variation pattern of such individuals and characterize the external morphometry of them. The study involved 79 marmosets (40 hibrid genus Callithrix, 22 C. penicillata and 17 C. geoffroyi). They were captured with a multiple-entrance trap, anesthetized, photographed and measured. Based on the body patterns, we found a uniform color among the hybrid individuals and the faces morphotypes showed five different and intermediate configurations. No morphometrical difference between male and female was found. The three species are statistic similar to Body Length. Among hybrids and C. penicillata we note a similarity in the head measures and the body mass, whereas there is a greater resemblance between the hybrids with C. geoffroyi concerning limbs measures. The existence of the hybrid morphotypes and their high reproductive fitness indicate incomplete reproductive isolation between the species. Those findings provide subvention to identify hybrid individuals with various degrees of introgression at Viçosa s forest fragments. Moreover, present results added some missing data to marmosets classical morphometry, showing external body measurements never studied

Morphological variation in wild marmosets (Callithrix penicillata and C. geoffroyi) and their hybrids

Evolutionary theory and observation predict wider phenotypic variation in hybrids than parental species. Emergent phenotypic novelty in hybrids may in turn drive new adaptations or speciation by breaking parental phenotypic constraints. Primate hybridization is often documented through genetic evidence, but knowledge about the primate hybrid phenotype remains limited due to a small number of available studies on hybrid primate morphology. Here, we examine pelage and morphometric variation in two Brazilian marmoset species (Callithrix penicillata and C. geoffroyi) and their hybrids. Hybrids were sampled in an anthropogenic hybrid zone in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We analyzed hybrid facial and body pelage color variation, and compared 13 morphometric measures between hybrids and parental species. Five different hybrid facial morphotypes were observed, varying from intermediate to parental-like. Hybrid facial morphotypes were biased towards C. penicillata, suggesting that the pelage of this species may be dominant to that of C. geoffroyi in this context, and indicating that mate preference, and therefore gene flow/introgression, may be biased towards C. penicillata within the hybrid zone. Hybrid morphometric features were on average intermediate to parental species traits, but transgressive hybrids were also observed, suggesting that morphometric variation for the studied traits is consistent with Rieseberg’s complementary allele model. Finally, we observed a decoupling of facial patterning and size/shape in hybrids, relative to parent phenotypes, suggesting that an important factor driving phenotypic novelty within the Viçosa marmoset hybrid zone might be the loosening of evolutionary constraints on phenotypic trait integration

Helminths of wild hybrid marmosets (Callithrix sp.) living in an environment with high human activity

The objective of this study was to identify the helminth fauna in hybrid, non-native marmosets, through analysis of fecal samples. The study involved 51 marmosets (genus Callithrix) from five groups living in places with levels of human impact in Viçosa-MG. The marmosets were caught using a multiple-entrance trap and were anaesthetized. Feces were collected, refrigerated and analyzed by means of the sedimentation technique (Hoffmann-Pons-Janner). Eggs and parasites were identified, but not counted. Most of the marmosets (86%) were parasitized by at least one genus of helminths. Among the infected marmosets, 37% presented co-infection. The intestinal helminths comprised four different taxa: Primasubulura jacchi, Ancylostomatidae, Prosthenorchis sp. and Dilepididae.P. jacchi and Ancylostomatidae had higher prevalences (> 80% and > 40%, respectively) and were found in all marmoset groups. Dilepididae species were found in almost all the groups, but only accounted for around 30% of the marmosets. Prosthenorchis sp. showed a relatively low prevalence ( 80% e > 40%, respectivamente) e foram encontrados em todos os grupos. As espécies de Dilepididae apresentaram aproximadamente 30% da prevalência e foram encontrados em quase todos os grupos. A espécieProsthenorchis sp. apresentou prevalência relativamente baixa (< 10%) e foi encontrado somente em um grupo. Considerando que duas das espécies são parasitas comumente descritos para saguis e primatas (P. jacchi e Prosthenorchis sp.), este estudo consiste no primeiro registro para Ancylostomatidae e Dilepididae. Fatores como o comportamento alimentar e o contato com o homem e outras espécies de primatas não humanos, parecem ser determinantes na contaminação dos saguis

Helminths of wild hybrid marmosets (Callithrix sp.) living in an environment with high human activity

The objective of this study was to identify the helminth fauna in hybrid, non-native marmosets, through analysis of fecal samples. The study involved 51 marmosets (genus Callithrix) from five groups living in places with levels of human impact in Viçosa-MG. The marmosets were caught using a multiple-entrance trap and were anaesthetized. Feces were collected, refrigerated and analyzed by means of the sedimentation technique (Hoffmann-Pons-Janner). Eggs and parasites were identified, but not counted. Most of the marmosets (86%) were parasitized by at least one genus of helminths. Among the infected marmosets, 37% presented co-infection. The intestinal helminths comprised four different taxa: Primasubulura jacchi, Ancylostomatidae, Prosthenorchis sp. and Dilepididae.P. jacchi and Ancylostomatidae had higher prevalences (> 80% and > 40%, respectively) and were found in all marmoset groups. Dilepididae species were found in almost all the groups, but only accounted for around 30% of the marmosets. Prosthenorchis sp. showed a relatively low prevalence (< 10%) and was only found in one group. Although two parasites are commonly found in marmosets and other primates (P. jacchi and Prosthenorchis sp.), our study is the first record for Ancylostomatidae and Dilepididae. Factors like marmosets' feeding behavior and their contact with humans and other species of nonhuman primates seem to be determinants of infection among marmosets

Hematology and blood biochemistry in wild hybrid marmosets from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

This paper aims to describe the hematological and biochemical values of wild hybrid marmoset (Callithrix penicillata and C. geoffroyi) found in a forest zone of Southeastern Brazil. The marmosets were anaesthetized using ketamine and xylazine hydrochloride. Blood samples (0.5-1mL) were collected through the venipuncture of the femoral vein. Hematological and biochemical analyses were performed using automated counters and biochemical kits. The comparison for sex (adult males vs. adult females) and age class (juvenile vs. adult) physiological data and weight were analyzed through Student's t-test for independent samples. Significant differences between sex were observed in erythrocytes (P<0.01) and hemoglobin (P<0.05). The present study provides essential baseline information on the normal blood values of wild hybrid marmosets, the data of which are not readily accessible from the existing body of scientific literature on nonhuman primates