Et si l’évaluation du bien-être cachait l’écosystème ?

International audienceThe definition of animal welfare pro-posed by ANSES (2018) is centered on the individual. However, welfare also relies on the relationships between individuals and with their environments (ANSES, 2018). This is particularly difficult to think about. As a first approach, we could use the concept of Nature, often used to position the individual. With Nature comes Human, Animal, and Plant, separate elements locked into their kingdom identity. The concept of Nature leads to a dyad-ic thinking (e.g., Nature/Culture, Natu-ral/Artificial) which imposes the fixing of definitions (identities) and reduces the analysis to that of opposition. Let us now take the concept of Human. As an identity, its definition does lead to a balanced concept without using the concept of Animal, which is both inter-nal and external. In classical philoso-phy, the Human is the Animal either 1, with an attribute (Aristotle, 2015) or 2, without an attribute (a featherless biped, Plato, 2018). These two definitions have very different consequences, particularly in how racism and speciesism are or are not avoided, with the defini-tion of Human by a minus being much more neutral than by a plus. These two definitions suppose the collective and their interrelations; the individual in isolation is not enough. From this a priori of consensual separation between the Animal and the Human derive compatible notions of well-being. To overcome this, to leave this fixation, we know that it is necessary to make use of other tools of thought. We found them in the philosophy of Anne-Françoise Schmid and the tools of ge-neric epistemology (Schmid & Mambrini-Doudet, 2019). These tools allow us to know the oppositions and to con-sider the relations that can depend on the individual (internal relations, Leibniz, 1686), the individual becomes a concept that contains all its predicates; or be independent of other individuals (i.e., external relations, Russell, 1959), the facts are independent of their expe-rience. The tool that we propose here is situated at the level of the individual, without being confined to them. It is a question of using the concept of inten-tion to reveal and take into account the relationships, a porosity of the individual with themself, others, and their environment. It reveals the small perceptions, like the noise of the waves (Leibniz, 1686), the differences in air pressure (Bouillon, 2021), and the di-mensions which they carry. The dis-placement of the individual to their microperceptions enriches so much the notion of well-being that the sense is undone to let appear a complex and fluid individual in their ecosystem.La définition du bien-être animal pro-posée par l’ANSES (2018) est centrée sur l’individu. Or, le bien-être repose aussi sur les relations entre individus et avec leurs environnements (ANSES, 2018). Ceci est particulièrement difficile à penser. En première approche, on pourrait passer par le concept Nature souvent utilisé pour positionner l’individu. Avec la Nature viennent l’Humain, l’Animal et le Végétal, éléments séparés enfermés sur leur identité de règne. Le concept de Nature en-traîne une pensée par dyade (Nature/Culture, Naturel/Artificiel, etc.) qui impose la fixation de définitions (identités) et réduit l’analyse à une opposition. Prenons maintenant le concept d’Humain. En tant qu’identité, sa définition ne permet pas d’aboutir à un concept équilibré sans mobiliser le concept d’Animal, qui lui est à la foi interne et externe. Dans la philosophie classique, l’Humain est 1, l’Animal plus un attribut (Aristote, 2015) ou 2. sans un attribut (Un Bipède sans plumes ; Platon, 2018). Ces deux définitions ont des conséquences très différentes, en particulier dans la façon d’éviter ou de ne pas éviter le racisme et le spécisme, la définition de l’Humain par un sans étant beaucoup plus neutre que celle par un plus. Ces deux définitions supposent le collectif et ses relations, l’individu isolément ne suffit pas. De cet a priori de séparation consensuelle entre l’Animal et l’Humain découlent les notions de bien-être qui lui sont compatibles. Pour les dépasser, sortir de cette fixité, nous savons nécessaire de faire usage d’autres outils de pensée. Nous les avons trouvés dans la philosophie d’Anne-Françoise Schmid et les outils de l’épistémologie générique (Schmid & Mambrini-Doudet, 2019). Ces outils nous permettent de savoir les oppositions et de considérer les relations qui peuvent dépendre de l’individu (relations internes ; Leibniz, 1686) - l’individu devient un concept qui contient tous ses prédicats - ou être indépendantes des individus (relations externes ; Russell, 1959), les faits sont indépendants de l’expérience de ceux-ci. L’outil que nous proposons ici se situe à l’échelle de l’individu, sans s’y enfermer. Il s’agit de faire usage du concept d’intention pour révéler et prendre en compte les relations, une porosité de l’individu avec soi-même, les autres et son environnement. Il permet de révéler les petites perceptions, comme le bruit des vagues (Leibniz, 1686), les différences de pression de l’air (Bouillon, 2021) et les dimensions qu’elles portent en elles. Le déplacement de l’individu à ses micro-perceptions enrichit tellement la notion de bien-être que le sens s’en défait pour laisser apparaître un individu complexe et fluide dans son écosystèm

Façonner les bases interdisciplinaires pour aller questionner l’intention chez les animaux

National audienceQue sait-on vraiment des intentions chez les animaux ? Les études comportementales chez les animaux non humains (ANH) permettent d'accéder toujours mieux leurs cognitions et émotions. Pourtant, lors d’une première analyse bibliométrique, nous avons identifié seulement 1% d’articles traitant l’intention chez les ANH. Notre hypothèse est que les cadres théoriques et conceptuels actuels de l’éthologie ne permettent pas de considérer que les ANH ont des intentions. Notre recherche vise ainsi à développer ces cadres afin de dépasser cette limite. Pour ce faire, nous avons créé un espace interdisciplinaire original combinant des connaissances éthologiques, psychologiques et épistémologiques. Nous avons ensuite conçu une méthode en deux étapes : une enquête bibliométrique pour identifier et sélectionner les approches clés de l'étude de l'intention, suivie d'ateliers interdisciplinaires pour recueillir les résonances dans les domaines traitant de l'analyse comportementale. Pour notre revue bibliométrique, nous avons extrait plus de 89 000 articles de 2016-2020 sur l'intention, dont 112 spécifiquement liés aux ANH. Nous avons analysé la cooccurrence des mots-clés des auteurs, et identifié dix clusters différents. Ces clusters spécifient des approches scientifiques discrépantes. Ces résultats ont servi de matériaux pour trois ateliers interdisciplinaires découpés chacun en trois étapes. La première étape, disciplinaire, consistait à identifier les concepts et méthodes associés à chaque approche, les deux autres étapes, interdisciplinaires, rassemblant des éthologistes, des psychologues et des designers ont permis l’identification de six hypothèses de travail et l’élaboration de protocoles dédiés, limitant les risques anthropocentriques dans l’étude de l'intention chez les ANH.Pour cette table ronde nous proposons de partager les étapes de cette thèse posée sur des fondations interdisciplinaires, au travers notamment de l’évolution des hypothèses de travail, des premiers résultats et des d’expériences des chercheurs.es impliqué.es. Pour chacune des étapes, des éléments épistémologiques et de méthodes, nécessaires à l’interdisciplinarité seront présentés et discutés. Notre projet est un lieu d’expérimentation tant dans la façon de mener l’interdisciplinarité que dans son impact : il ouvre de nouvelles voies pour l’étude de la cognition et du comportement des animaux

Intention in Design: A Dialog into the Unknown

International audienc

Caudophagie : que penser de la mise en place d’élastique sur la queue de porcs mordus comme solution d’urgence ?

International audienceTail biting is an important animal health and welfare issue. Many risk factors have been identified, and controlling them is the main method of prevention. After a tail-biting outbreak, however, a rubber ring is sometimes put on the injured tail (i) to stop bleeding and thus reduce cannibalism and (ii) to prevent ascending infections. There is currently no scientific data that confirm the utility of this method. A survey of 74 swine veterinarians demonstrated that 49% of them have used it. A trial on commercial pig farms was then performed. Five farms with a tail-biting outbreak were selected by veterinarians in charge of monitoring the health of these farms. On each farm, four pairs of bitten pigs were created, each with one control and one treated animal (i.e. a rubber ring on the edge between the healthy and injured parts of the tail). Pigs were matched by lesion stage, room and pen. Behavioural and clinical observations were performed on days 0, 1, 7 and 28. We observed that the rubber ring causes acute pain, but chronic pain signs were not observed one week later. The rubber ring seems to reduce tail biting and favour wound healing. Further investigations with more animals are necessary to confirm the benefit of this method for pig health and welfare

Caudophagie : que penser de la mise en place d’élastique sur la queue de porcs mordus comme solution d’urgence ?

International audienceTail biting is an important animal health and welfare issue. Many risk factors have been identified, and controlling them is the main method of prevention. After a tail-biting outbreak, however, a rubber ring is sometimes put on the injured tail (i) to stop bleeding and thus reduce cannibalism and (ii) to prevent ascending infections. There is currently no scientific data that confirm the utility of this method. A survey of 74 swine veterinarians demonstrated that 49% of them have used it. A trial on commercial pig farms was then performed. Five farms with a tail-biting outbreak were selected by veterinarians in charge of monitoring the health of these farms. On each farm, four pairs of bitten pigs were created, each with one control and one treated animal (i.e. a rubber ring on the edge between the healthy and injured parts of the tail). Pigs were matched by lesion stage, room and pen. Behavioural and clinical observations were performed on days 0, 1, 7 and 28. We observed that the rubber ring causes acute pain, but chronic pain signs were not observed one week later. The rubber ring seems to reduce tail biting and favour wound healing. Further investigations with more animals are necessary to confirm the benefit of this method for pig health and welfare

Efficacity and safety of CFTR modulators in patients with interstitial lung disease caused by ABCA3 transporter deficiency

International audienc

Blood fibrocytes are associated with severity and prognosis in COVID-19 pneumonia

International audienceIncreased blood fibrocytes are associated with a poor prognosis in fibrotic lung diseases. We aimed to determine whether the percentage of circulating fibrocytes could be predictive of severity and prognosis during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Blood fibrocytes were quantified by flow cytometry as CD45 þ /CD15 À /CD34 þ /collagen-1 þ cells in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia. In a subgroup of patients admitted in an intensive care unit (ICU), fibrocytes were quantified in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Serum amyloid P (SAP), transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1), CXCL12, CCL2, and FGF2 concentrations were measured. We included 57 patients in the hospitalized group (median age = 59 yr [23-87]) and 16 individuals as healthy controls. The median percentage of circulating fibrocytes was higher in the patients compared with the controls (3.6% [0.2-9.2] vs. 2.1% [0.9-5.1], P = 0.04). Blood fibrocyte count was lower in the six patients who died compared with the survivors (1.6% [0.2-4.4] vs. 3.7% [0.6-9.2], P = 0.02). Initial fibrocyte count was higher in patients showing a complete lung computed tomography (CT) resolution at 3 mo. Circulating fibrocyte count was decreased in the ICU group (0.8% [0.1-2.0]), whereas BAL fibrocyte count was 6.7% (2.2-15.4). Serum SAP and TGF-b1 concentrations were increased in hospitalized patients. SAP was also increased in ICU patients. CXCL12 and CCL2 were increased in ICU patients and negatively correlated with circulating fibrocyte count. We conclude that circulating fibrocytes were increased in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia, and a lower fibrocyte count was associated with an increased risk of death and a slower resolution of lung CT opacities

Glucocorticoids with low-dose anti-IL1 anakinra rescue in severe non-ICU COVID-19 infection: A cohort study.

BackgroundThe optimal treatment for patients with severe coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) and hyper-inflammation remains debated.Material and methodsA cohort study was designed to evaluate whether a therapeutic algorithm using steroids with or without interleukin-1 antagonist (anakinra) could prevent death/invasive ventilation. Patients with a ≥5-day evolution since symptoms onset, with hyper-inflammation (CRP≥50mg/L), requiring 3-5 L/min oxygen, received methylprednisolone alone. Patients needing ≥6 L/min received methylprednisolone + subcutaneous anakinra daily either frontline or in case clinical deterioration upon corticosteroids alone. Death rate and death or intensive care unit (ICU) invasive ventilation rate at Day 15, with Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% CIs, were determined according to logistic regression and propensity scores. A Bayesian analysis estimated the treatment effects.ResultsOf 108 consecutive patients, 70 patients received glucocorticoids alone. The control group comprised 63 patients receiving standard of care. In the corticosteroid±stanakinra group (n = 108), death rate was 20.4%, versus 30.2% in the controls, indicating a 30% relative decrease in death risk and a number of 10 patients to treat to avoid a death (p = 0.15). Using propensity scores a per-protocol analysis showed an OR for COVID-19-related death of 0.9 (95%CI [0.80-1.01], p = 0.067). On Bayesian analysis, the posterior probability of any mortality benefit with corticosteroids+/-anakinra was 87.5%, with a 7.8% probability of treatment-related harm. Pre-existing diabetes exacerbation occurred in 29 of 108 patients (26.9%).ConclusionIn COVID-19 non-ICU inpatients at the cytokine release phase, corticosteroids with or without anakinra were associated with a 30% decrease of death risk on Day 15