High levels of the openness trait are associated with better parental reflective functioning in mothers with substance use disorders

Aims: Mothers with substance use disorders (SUD) often show impairments in parental reflective functioning (PRF), which may have adverse effects on their capacity for sensitive caregiving. Parenting personality is also associated with caregiving. However, no studies have investigated how these individual factors may contribute to variance in PRF in mothers with SUD. In this study PRF and personality were assessed in 43 mothers with SUD. Methods: PRF was assessed by the Parent Development Interview. Personality traits were assessed by the Revised Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory. Results: The results indicate that higher levels of the Openness trait are associated with better PRF. Conclusion Mothers low in Openness may need more specific and situational training in interpreting mental states in their children. Highly open mothers with SUD will likely need more help distinguishing the child’s mental states from their own, and might need help to maintain mutuality and regulating the intensity of their responses to the child’s behavior.publishedVersio

Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children

Background Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may be a risk factor for neurodevelopmental deficits and disorders, but evidence is inconsistent. Objectives We investigated whether prenatal exposure to PFAS were associated with childhood diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods This study was based on the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study and included n = 821 ADHD cases, n = 400 ASD cases and n = 980 controls. Diagnostic cases were identified by linkage with the Norwegian Patient Registry. In addition, we used data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. The study included the following PFAS measured in maternal plasma sampled mid-pregnancy: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Relationships between individual PFAS and ADHD or ASD diagnoses were examined using multivariable adjusted logistic regression models. We also tested for possible non-linear exposure-outcome associations. Further, we investigated the PFAS mixture associations with ASD and ADHD diagnoses using a quantile-based g-computation approach. Results Odds of ASD was significantly elevated in PFOA quartile 2 [OR = 1.71 (95% CI: 1.20, 2.45)] compared to quartile 1, and PFOA appeared to have a non-linear, inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship with ASD. PFOA was also associated with increased odds of ADHD, mainly in quartile 2 [OR = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.16, 2.04)] compared to quartile 1, and displayed a non-linear relationship in the restricted cubic spline model. Several PFAS (PFUnDA, PFDA, and PFOS) were inversely associated with odds of ADHD and/or ASD. Some of the associations were modified by child sex and maternal education. The overall PFAS mixture was inversely associated with ASD [OR = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.90)] as well as the carboxylate mixture [OR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.93)] and the sulfonate mixture [OR = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.96)]. Conclusion Prenatal exposure to PFOA was associated with increased risk of ASD and ADHD in children. For some PFAS, as well as their mixtures, there were inverse associations with ASD and/or ADHD. However, the inverse associations reported herein should not be interpreted as protective effects, but rather that there could be some unresolved confounding for these relationships. The epidemiologic literature linking PFAS exposures with neurodevelopmental outcomes is still inconclusive, suggesting the need for more research to elucidate the neurotoxicological potential of PFAS during early development

Feltbasert kunnskap, metodikk og kriterier for økologisk kvalitet til et utvalg av marine naturtyper

Prosjektleder/Hovedforfatter Eli RindeVi kommer her med innspill til utvikling av metodikk og kriterier for kartlegging og fastsettelse av økologisk kvalitet til et utvalg av marine naturtyper basert på feltundersøkelser. De utvalgte naturtypene er ålegrasenger, sukkertareskog, muslingbunner (både blåskjellbunner og flatøstersbanker), helofytt-saltvannssumper og ruglbunner. Undersøkelsene av ålegrasenger og sukkertareskog hadde fokus på å identifisere eventuelle sesongvariasjoner i egenskaper knyttet til naturmangfold og tilstand. For alle naturtypene har vi basert på feltundersøkelsene og tidligere verdikriterier for naturmangfold, vurdert hvilke egenskaper som egner seg som primær- og sekundærvariabler for naturmangfold og tilstand. Ruglbunner ble undersøkt ved Vega (Nordland), og de øvrige naturtypene hovedsakelig i Oslofjorden. Blåskjellbanker ble undersøkte både i Oslofjorden, Sør-Norge og ved Vega.publishedVersio

Hvilken betydning har deltakelse i arbeid for personer med schizofreni og opplevelse av meningsfull hverdag?

ABSTRAKT Bakgrunn: En studie fra Norge viser at 94 % av schizofrene sto utenfor arbeidslivet, som er i sterk kontrast til at 53-70% ønsker å være yrkesaktiv. Regjeringens strategiplan for god psykisk helse, “Mestre hele livet” skriver at arbeid kan være helsefremmende. Denne bacheloroppgaven undersøker hvilken betydning arbeidsdeltakelse har for personer med schizofreni sin opplevelse av meningsfull hverdag. Metode: Vi brukte rammeverket i Arksey og O'Malley sin metode Scoping review. Litteratursøk ble gjennomført på Oria, Embase, PsycMed og PubMed. Studier basert på personer med alvorlige psykiske lidelser, i hovedsak schizofreni ble inkludert. Resultat: Oppgaven belyser fem hovedtemaer; stigma, identitet og roller, sosiale relasjoner, organisering av tid og økonomi. Stigma påvirket persons opplevelse av arbeid, og videre hvordan deltakelse i arbeid påvirket deres opplevelse av en meningsfull hverdag. Arbeid fremmet utvikling av roller og identitet. Flere personer med schizofreni opplevde isolasjon, og at deltakelse i arbeid tillot dem å utvikle sosiale ferdigheter og roller. Arbeid ga følelsen av å være produktiv og en del av samfunnet. Deltakelsen medførte følelsen av struktur og forutsigbarhet i hverdagen. Det å være arbeidstaker gjorde at de hadde forpliktelser de ønsket brukte tid på å oppfylle. Noen opplevde at arbeid tok tid fra aktiviteter som de likte, mens andre fikk økt glede av fritiden. Lønnet arbeid økte deltakernes følelse av selvstendighet og selvkontroll. Økonomi ga også muligheten til et forbruk utover basale behov. Konklusjon: Studier viser at et flertall opplever en positiv betydning av arbeidsdeltakelse. Vi vurderer at betydningen av arbeid er kompleks, og ser sammenheng mellom overnevnte hovedtemaer. I flere tilfeller bidrar deltakelse i arbeid til en meningsfull hverdag for personer med schizofreni. Nøkkelord: schizofreni, arbeid, meningsfull hverda

Migraine and risk of stroke

Migraine and stroke are two common and heterogeneous neurovascular disorders responsible for a significant burden for those affected and a great economic cost for the society. There is growing evidence that migraine increases the overall risk of cerebrovascular diseases. In this review, based on available literature through a PubMed search, we found that ischaemic stroke in people with migraine is strongly associated with migraine with aura, young age, female sex, use of oral contraceptives and smoking habits. The risk of transient ischaemic attack also seems to be increased in people with migraine, although this issue has not been extensively investigated. Although migraine appears to be associated with haemorrhagic stroke, the migraine aura status has a small influence on this relationship. Neuroimaging studies have revealed a higher prevalence of asymptomatic structural brain lesions in people with migraine. They are also more likely to have unfavourable vascular risk factors; however, the increased risk of stroke seems to be more apparent among people with migraine without traditional risk factors. The mechanism behind the migraine-stroke association is unknown. In light of the higher risk of stroke in people with migraine with aura, it is important to identify and modify any vascular risk factor. There is currently no direct evidence to support that a migraine prophylactic treatment can reduce future stroke in people with migraine

Smoking habits and detection rate of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and incidence rate of subarachnoid haemorrhage in Norway between 2008 and 2015

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the detection rate of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) and incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in relation to the rapidly changing smoking rates in Norway between 2008 and 2015. Methods The registry-based study included all patients (≥ 16 years old) admitted to a hospital in Norway between 2008 and 2015 with a primary diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH or an outpatient diagnosis of UIAs. Age group–specific and total detection rate of UIAs and incidence rate of SAH over the years were calculated. Age group–specific data on smoking habits was retrieved from a national annual survey representative of the whole Norwegian population. Results The rate of daily smokers decreased by 48% between 2008 and 2015. The detection rate of UIAs decreased by 47% from 17.3 in 2008 to 9.3 per 100,000 persons in 2015, and the incidence of SAH decreased by 30% from 11.3 in 2008 to 7.9 per 100,000 persons in 2015. The average annual decline in prevalence of daily smoking, UIA detection rate, and SAH incidence was 6.9%, 6.7%, and 4.3% per year, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that the correlation between the decline in estimated daily smoking rates and decline in detection rate of UIAs (hazard ratio 52.5 CI = (14.9,∞), p < 0.00001) and incidence of SAH (hazard ratio 11.8 CI=(5.6,32.5), p < 0.00001) are statistically significant. The association is particularly strong in young and middle-aged cohorts (< 66 years old). Conclusion It is likely that reducing cigarette smoking on a population-based level strongly reduces the rates of UIAs and SAH

High levels of the openness trait are associated with better parental reflective functioning in mothers with substance use disorders

Aims: Mothers with substance use disorders (SUD) often show impairments in parental reflective functioning (PRF), which may have adverse effects on their capacity for sensitive caregiving. Parenting personality is also associated with caregiving. However, no studies have investigated how these individual factors may contribute to variance in PRF in mothers with SUD. In this study PRF and personality were assessed in 43 mothers with SUD. Methods: PRF was assessed by the Parent Development Interview. Personality traits were assessed by the Revised Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory. Results: The results indicate that higher levels of the Openness trait are associated with better PRF. Conclusion Mothers low in Openness may need more specific and situational training in interpreting mental states in their children. Highly open mothers with SUD will likely need more help distinguishing the child’s mental states from their own, and might need help to maintain mutuality and regulating the intensity of their responses to the child’s behavior

Validation of intracranial hemorrhage in the Norwegian Patient Registry

Objectives Administrative health registries need to have accurate diagnoses and sufficient coverage in the population they serve in order to be useful in research. In this study, we investigated the proportion of discharge diagnoses of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) that were coded correctly in the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR). Materials and Methods We reviewed the electronic medical records and diagnostic imaging of all admissions to St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, between January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2014, with a discharge diagnosis of ICH in the NPR, and estimated positive predictive values (PPVs) for primary and secondary diagnoses. Separate calculations were made for inpatient and outpatient admissions. Results In total, 1,419 patients with 1,458 discharge diagnoses of ICH were included in our study. Overall, 1,333 (91.4%) discharge diagnoses were coded correctly. For inpatient admissions, the PPVs for primary discharge codes were 96.9% for hemorrhagic stroke, 95.3% for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 97.9% for subdural hemorrhage. The most common cause of incorrect diagnosis was previous stroke that should have been coded as rehabilitation or sequela after stroke. There were more false‐positive diagnoses among outpatient consultations and secondary diagnoses. Conclusion Coding of ICH discharge diagnoses in the NPR is of high quality, showing that data from this registry can safely be used for medical research.publishedVersion© 2018 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Incidence and Case Fatality of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Admitted to Hospital Between 2008 and 2014 in Norway

Background To provide age- and sex-specific incidence and case fatality rates for non-traumatic aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) in Norway. We also studied time trends in incidence and case fatality, as well as predictors of death following aSAH. Methods A nationwide study using discharge data for patients admitted with aSAH between 2008 and 2014. Results A total of 1732 patients with aSAH were included. The mean age was 60 years (SD 14) and 63% were females. Crude annual incidence was 5.7 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 5.4–6.0) and was higher in females (6.3 per 100,000, 95% CI 5.9–6.7) compared with males (4.9 per 100,000, 95% CI 4.5–5.3). The annual decline in aSAH incidence was 3.2% per year (p = 0.007). The cumulative proportions of fatalities at days 30, 90, and 1 year were 22%, 25%, and 37%, respectively. The 30-day mortality rate did not change during the study period. Age (HR 0.7–2.2) and aneurysms in the posterior circulation (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3–2.3, p = 0.001) were associated with higher 30-day case fatality following aSAH, while aneurysm repair (HR 0.2, 95% CI 0.2–0.3, p < 0.001) was associated with lower risk. Conclusions The incidence of aSAH declined in Norway between 2008 and 2014. Case fatality following aSAH continues to be high, and the 30-day mortality during the study period was unchanged. Increasing age and aneurysms in the posterior circulation were associated with increased risk of death within 30 days following aSAH