Cross-sectional study on antibiotic usage in pigs in Germany.

To be able to analyze the relationship between the level of resistance and the use of antimicrobials, it is necessary to collect detailed data on antimicrobial usage. For this reason, data on antimicrobial use on 495 pig farms from entire Germany were collected and analyzed. In Germany, each application and dispensing of medicines to food-producing animals is documented in detail obligatorily by the veterinarian. This information was collected retrospectively for the year 2011. The analyses undertook separate examinations on the age groups sow, piglet, weaner and fattening pig; both the route of administration and indication per active ingredient, and active ingredient class, were evaluated. In total, 20,374 kg of antimicrobial substances were used in the study population. Tetracyclines were used in highest amounts, followed by beta-lactams, trimethoprim-sulfonamides and macrolides. Concerning the frequency of using an active substance per animal, polypeptides were most commonly administered. In all age groups, respiratory infections were the main indication for using antimicrobials, followed by intestinal diseases in piglets, weaners and fattening pigs and diseases of reproductive organs in sows. Over a period of 100 days, the median number of treatment days with one antimicrobial substance for piglets was 15 days, for weaners about 6 days, for fattening pigs about 4 days and for sows about 1 day. A multifactorial ANOVA was conducted to investigate which factors are associated with the treatment frequency. The factors "veterinarian" and "age group" were related to the treatment frequency, just as the interaction between "veterinarian" and "farm size" as well as the interaction between "veterinarian" and "age group"

Antibiotic use on German pig farms - A longitudinal analysis for 2011, 2013 and 2014

<div><p>To study antibiotic use in livestock in a temporal context with the development of antimicrobial resistance, long-term changes in antibiotic use must be mapped and their possible causes must be explored. Therefore, the present work assesses the changes in antibiotic use over time in German livestock husbandry. In addition, factors associated with antibiotic use were analyzed to identify possible strategies for further reducing antimicrobial usage. For 2011, 2013 and 2014, antibiotic usage data were collected and examined within the VetCAb project. Three hundred participating pig holdings provided information on their antibiotic use based on obligatory application and delivery forms (ADFs) filled in by their veterinarian as well as information on their current stabling capacities for each production type held. Data on sow, piglet, weaner and fattening pig holdings were described separately, using the semi-annual treatment frequency (TF) to measure antibiotic consumption. Multiple linear mixed models were used to investigate the effects of time, farm size, region and farm management category on the treatment frequency. The study yielded significant time changes with p-values below 0.001 in antibiotic administration with a decreasing median TF in piglets from 3.8 in the first half of 2011 (IQR = 1.1–10.6) to 1.7 in the second half of 2014 (IQR = 0.2–4.5) and in fattening pigs from 5.1 in the first half of 2011 (IQR = 0.2–15.4) to 0.7 in the second half of 2014 (IQR = 0.1–6.7). Meanwhile the TF fluctuated between 8.2 and 12.2 in weaners during the observational period (IQRs between zero (lower quartile) and 37.9 (upper quartile)). Piglet, weaner and fattening pig holdings belonging to the upper third of the holdings in size used significantly more antibiotics than the other holdings investigated. Particularly for weaner and fattening pig holdings, a higher TF was noted for farms without breeding units. The region was only a significant factor in weaners. In conclusion, for 2011, 2013 and 2014, the present study shows a clear reduction in antibiotic treatment frequency in German pig holdings. In addition, the association with various factors such as herd size and farm organization on the antibiotic usage frequency is indisputable. Therefore, these factors should be included in monitoring systems and considered when evaluating intervention measures.</p></div

Multi-factorial model results with square root transformation for the treatment frequency in fattening pigs.

<p>Multi-factorial model results with square root transformation for the treatment frequency in fattening pigs.</p

Multi-factorial model results with logarithm transformation for the treatment frequency in sows.

<p>Multi-factorial model results with logarithm transformation for the treatment frequency in sows.</p

Multi-factorial model results with square root transformation for the treatment frequency in weaners.

<p>Multi-factorial model results with square root transformation for the treatment frequency in weaners.</p

Percentage and trend line for participating farms with no antibiotic use by half-year for each production type group.

<p>Percentage and trend line for participating farms with no antibiotic use by half-year for each production type group.</p

Multi-factorial model results with square root transformation for the treatment frequency in piglets.

<p>Multi-factorial model results with square root transformation for the treatment frequency in piglets.</p

Final ANOVA for describing treatment frequencies (target variable: logarithmized 100-day- treatment frequency).

<p>Final ANOVA for describing treatment frequencies (target variable: logarithmized 100-day- treatment frequency).</p

Used quantities and treatment units of applied classes of active ingredients for sows.

<p>Used quantities and treatment units of applied classes of active ingredients for sows.</p

Distribution of treatment frequencies of piglets.

<p>Distribution of treatment frequencies of piglets.</p