169 research outputs found
Comment in response to the public consultation paper issued by the European Commission on 28th January 2011 on taxation problems that arise when dividends are distributed across borders to individual investors and possible solutions
The EU Commission identifies two major shortcomings of the crossâborder taxation of dividends received
by portfolio shareholders in its consultation paper. Firstly, withholding taxes may be levied
and credited in a discriminatory manner which may constitute an infringement of the free movement
of capital set out in Articles 63 to 66 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Secondly,
the imposition of withholding taxes may result in double taxation and as a consequence impede
investors from investing in foreign corporations. Hence, the benefits of international risk diversification
are not fully exploited which may result in welfare losses.1 The parentâsubsidiaryâdirective2
addresses this issue by prohibiting the imposition of dividends paid to substantial shareholdings. A
comparable relief is, however, not available for portfolio and individual investors. In turn, withholding
taxes on interest have been considerably reduced and even abolished by many member
states whereas withholding taxes on dividends are still common and significant.3 This report therefore
discusses how the above highlighted issues concerning the crossâborder taxation of dividends
received by individuals can be resolved. The taxation of portfolio investments by corporations which
is also left out of the scope of the parentâsubsidiaryâdirective is not addressed in the following as this
issue requires a separate analysis
Romania's development to a low-tax country: Effective corporate tax burden in Romania from 1992 to 2010 and Romania's current ranking among the eastern European member states
We trace back Romania's development to a low-tax country among the Member States of the European Union by analysing the major tax law changes in corporate taxation since 1992. We find that the significant reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 45% in 1992 to 16% since 2005 has not been accompanied by a comprehensive broadening of the corporate income tax base as prevalent in many longstanding Member States of the EU and the OECD. Our analysis is not limited to a comprehensive description of the development of corporate taxation in Romania, but goes on with a numerical analysis of the tax burdens at different periods of time which constitute milestones in the development of corporate taxation in Romania. For this purpose, we apply the European Tax Analyzer, which is a computer-based model firm approach. We find that the average company tax burden of the underlying model company has dropped significantly by almost 65% since 1992. Furthermore, our numerical analysis does not confirm the tax base broadening policy. As a result, Romania holds position two among the group of Central and Eastern European EU Member States. --corporate taxation,effective tax burden,transition economy,EU accession countries,tax reform,tax-rate-cum-base-broadening reform
Effective tax rates under IP tax planning
Tax planning with intangibles has become one of the most popular and most vividly
debated topics in international taxation. We incorporate various intellectual property (IP) tax
planning models into forward-looking measures of effective tax rates, namely the disposal of
intangibles to low-tax subsidiaries, intra-group licensing arrangements, and intra-group
contract R&D. In doing so, we draw upon the methodology put forward by Devereux and Griffith
and amend this model by considering a research & development (R&D) investment which is
carried out by a parent company, whereby the resulting intangible is exploited by a foreign
subsidiary. We point out analytically under which conditions IP tax planning achieves the
objective of reducing the effective average tax rate of the group. We find that the disposal of
intangibles to low-tax subsidiaries does not achieve this tax planning objective, if the true
value of the asset is subject to tax upon the disposal. We show to what extent the parent must
understate the value of the intangible in order to reduce the groupâs tax burden. We
furthermore point out that contract R&D may generally achieve a significant lower effective tax
burden. We present cost of capital and effect average tax rates to illustrate these findings
Fiscal Investment Climate and the Cost of Capital in Germany
Measured in terms of the cost of capital, the investment climate in Germany currently ranks 24th Key Messages
out of the 28 EU member states. However, this represents an improvement over the year 2000,
when Germany ranked 27th. In fact, among the EU-28, Germany has seen the most significant decline
in the cost of capital between 2000 and 2014, from 7.7% to 6.5%. This decline is mainly attributable
to considerable reductions in the countryâs corporate tax rate. The comprehensive corporate
tax reforms enacted in 2001 and 2008 thus appear to have succeeded in improving the
investment climate in Germany. Nevertheless, in comparison to most other EU member states, the
cost of capital in Germany is still quite high. In order to further improve the investment climate in
Germany, the (temporary) re-introduction of reduced-balance tax depreciation for movable fixed
assets is currently being discussed. However, our analysis indicates that this would only slightly
decrease the cost of capital from 6.5% to 6.3%. When we additionally account for the personal
taxation of individual investors, a different picture emerges: The overall cost of capital in Germany
currently amounts to 6.0%, and could be reduced considerably by taxing dividends and capital
gains at lower rates than interest income
Intellectual Property (IP) box regimes : tax planning, effective tax burdens, and tax policy options
This thesis contributes to the current debate on Intellectual Property (IP) Box regimes and IP tax planning. It provides a comprehensive survey of the 12 IP Box regimes in place in Europe by the end of 2014 and presents effective tax rates associated with the IP Box regimes and the use of popular tax planning models. Moreover, it evaluates the IP Box regimes on the basis of the EU State Aid rules and the EU Code of Conduct for business taxation and discusses options to reform the taxation of IP income in order to counter profit shifting and tax base erosion
Romania's development to a low-tax country - Effective Corporate Tax Burden in Romania from 1992 to 2010 and Romania's current ranking among the Eastern European Member States
We trace back Romaniaâs development to a low-tax country among the Member States of
the European Union by analysing the major tax law changes in corporate taxation since 1992. We find that the significant reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 45% in 1992 to 16% since 2005 has not been accompanied by a comprehensive broadening of the corporate income tax base as prevalent in many longstanding Member States of the EU and the OECD. Our analysis is not limited to a
comprehensive description of the development of corporate taxation in Romania, but goes on with a numerical analysis of the tax burdens at different periods of time which constitute milestones in the development of corporate taxation in Romania. For this purpose, we apply the European Tax Analyzer, which is a computer-based model firm approach. We find that the average company tax burden of the underlying model company has dropped significantly by almost 65% since 1992. Furthermore, our numerical analysis does not confirm the tax base broadening policy. As a result, Romania holds position two among the group of Central and Eastern European EU Member States
Reconnecting the University to the Region of Twente : Findings from the RUNIN-Design Lab Think Tank
The RUNIN project's Design Lab Think Tank took place on 28th June 2018. Its aim was to discuss the topic of universities' engagement with society, specifically in their region. It used a world café format that brought together regional stakeholders to discuss how the University of Twente (UT) can incorporate societal questions in its core activities and, through this, create regional benefits. This report provides a description of the event, a summation of the initiatives proposed and an analysis of the discussion that was prompted by the sub-questions around the subject of universities' societal engagement
Feasibility and clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound guided biopsy of pancreatic cancer for next-generation molecular profiling.
Next-generation sequencing is enabling molecularly guided therapy for many cancer types, yet failure rates remain relatively high in pancreatic cancer (PC). The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of genomic profiling using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) biopsy samples to facilitate personalised therapy for PC. Ninty-five patients underwent additional research biopsies at the time of diagnostic EUS. Diagnostic formalin-fixed (FFPE) and fresh frozen EUS samples underwent DNA extraction, quantification and targeted gene sequencing. Whole genome (WGS) and RNA sequencing was performed as proof of concept. Only 2 patients (2%) with a diagnosis of PC had insufficient material for targeted sequencing in both FFPE and frozen specimens. Targeted panel sequencing (n=54) revealed mutations in PC genes (KRAS, GNAS, TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4) in patients with histological evidence of PC, including potentially actionable mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, BRAF). WGS (n=5) of EUS samples revealed mutational signatures that are potential biomarkers of therapeutic responsiveness. RNA sequencing (n=35) segregated patients into clinically relevant molecular subtypes based on transcriptome. Integrated multi-omic analysis of PC using standard EUS guided biopsies offers clinical utility to guide personalized therapy and study the molecular pathology in all patients with PC
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