A construção da disciplina na Educação: pré-escolar e escolar. Desafios e estratégias

O presente artigo incide sobre uma temática estudada no âmbito da elaboração do Relatório Final, referente à Prática Profissional Supervisionada, desenvolvido no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar. A temática estudada remete para a importância da disciplina, assim como para os maiores desafios que se colocam aos profissionais de educação no dia-a-dia da sua atividade profissional, nomeadamente na gestão das dinâmicas pedagógicas na presença de crianças que apresentam “problemas de comportamento”. Assim sendo, serão abordados, neste artigo, aspetos como: a importância da elaboração de um plano de ação por parte do profissional de educação, quando se depara com situações inesperadas; a clarificação de conceitos como a disciplina e a indisciplina; a importância da construção da disciplina no desenvolvimento sociomoral das crianças; algumas das principais estratégias de intervenção para a existência de um “clima tranquilo” no âmbito pré-escolar e escolar; entre outros aspetos. Acima de tudo, este artigo pretende “familiarizar” os profissionais de educação com alguns aspetos que poderão, por vezes, interferir na construção de uma “saudável” relação pedagógica. É, assim, uma reflexão em torno da “melhor” intervenção pedagógica, que deverá ser aplicada no sentido da criação de um clima relacional que seja estimulante, tranquilo, segurizante e satisfatório para todos os intervenientes do processo educativo (Carita & Fernandes, 1997)

Epigenetic Variation in Mangrove Plants Occurring in Contrasting Natural Environment

, a mangrove species, occurs in naturally contrasting habitats where it is subjected daily to salinity and nutrient variations leading to morphological differences. This work aims at unraveling how CpG-methylation variation is distributed among individuals from two nearby habitats, at a riverside (RS) or near a salt marsh (SM), with different environmental pressures and how this variation is correlated with the observed morphological variation.) methods that estimate population structure showed significantly greater differentiation among locations for epigenetic than genetic data. Co-Inertia analysis, exploring jointly the genetic and epigenetic data, showed that individuals with similar genetic profiles presented divergent epigenetic profiles that were characteristic of the population in a particular environment, suggesting that CpG-methylation changes may be associated with environmental heterogeneity. from salt marsh and riverside presented little genetic but abundant DNA methylation differentiation, suggesting that epigenetic variation in natural plant populations has an important role in helping individuals to cope with different environments

Doença inflamatória intestinal com eritema nodoso como manifestação inicial: dois casos clínicos = Inflammatory bowel disease with erythema nodosum as the initial manifestation: two clinical cases

OBJETIVOS: Descrever dois casos de doença inflamatória intestinal cujo diagnóstico foi precedido pelo surgimento de eritema nodoso e alertar para essa manifestação extraintestinal como forma de apresentação inicial da doença. DESCRIÇÃO DOS CASOS: Dois adolescentes de 12 e 15 anos recorreram ao serviço de urgência de Pediatria por eritema nodoso acompanhado de anorexia e perda de peso. Os exames auxiliares de diagnóstico disponíveis foram sugestivos de doença crônica inflamatória e a ecografia abdominal sugestiva de doença inflamatória intestinal. O diagnóstico de doença de Crohn foi confirmado após realização de endoscopia digestiva alta e colonoscopia total com biópsias. CONCLUSÕES: O eritema nodoso pode ser a forma de apresentação de doenças potencialmente graves com terapêuticas bem estabelecidas e implicações prognósticas. Na criança ou adolescente com eritema nodoso o índice de suspeição de doença inflamatória intestinal deve ser elevado, embora devam ser considerados outros diagnósticos diferenciais. A importância do diagnóstico precoce na doença inflamatória intestinal em idade pediátrica consiste na oportunidade terapêutica e nas complicações específicas dessa faixa etária, como déficit de crescimento, que ocorre mais frequentemente na doença de Croh

Inheritance of DNA methylation differences in the mangrove Rhizophora mangle

The capacity to respond to environmental challenges ultimately relies on phenotypic variation which manifests from complex interactions of genetic and nongenetic mechanisms through development. While we know something about genetic variation and structure of many species of conservation importance, we know very little about the nongenetic contributions to variation. Rhizophora mangle is a foundation species that occurs in coastal estuarine habitats throughout the neotropics where it provides critical ecosystem functions and is potentially threatened by anthropogenic environmental changes. Several studies have documented landscape-level patterns of genetic variation in this species, but we know virtually nothing about the inheritance of nongenetic variation. To assess one type of nongenetic variation, we examined the patterns of DNA sequence and DNA methylation in maternal plants and offspring from natural populations of R. mangle from the Gulf Coast of Florida. We used a reduced representation bisulfite sequencing approach (epi-genotyping by sequencing; epiGBS) to address the following questions: (a) What are the levels of genetic and epigenetic diversity in natural populations of R. mangle? (b) How are genetic and epigenetic variation structured within and among populations? (c) How faithfully is epigenetic variation inherited? We found low genetic diversity but high epigenetic diversity from natural populations of maternal plants in the field. In addition, a large portion (up to ~25%) of epigenetic differences among offspring grown in common garden was explained by maternal family. Therefore, epigenetic variation could be an important source of response to challenging environments in the genetically depauperate populations of this foundation species.</p

Inheritance of DNA methylation differences in the mangrove Rhizophora mangle

The capacity to respond to environmental challenges ultimately relies on phenotypic variation which manifests from complex interactions of genetic and nongenetic mechanisms through development. While we know something about genetic variation and structure of many species of conservation importance, we know very little about the nongenetic contributions to variation. Rhizophora mangle is a foundation species that occurs in coastal estuarine habitats throughout the neotropics where it provides critical ecosystem functions and is potentially threatened by anthropogenic environmental changes. Several studies have documented landscape-level patterns of genetic variation in this species, but we know virtually nothing about the inheritance of nongenetic variation. To assess one type of nongenetic variation, we examined the patterns of DNA sequence and DNA methylation in maternal plants and offspring from natural populations of R. mangle from the Gulf Coast of Florida. We used a reduced representation bisulfite sequencing approach (epi-genotyping by sequencing; epiGBS) to address the following questions: (a) What are the levels of genetic and epigenetic diversity in natural populations of R. mangle? (b) How are genetic and epigenetic variation structured within and among populations? (c) How faithfully is epigenetic variation inherited? We found low genetic diversity but high epigenetic diversity from natural populations of maternal plants in the field. In addition, a large portion (up to ~25%) of epigenetic differences among offspring grown in common garden was explained by maternal family. Therefore, epigenetic variation could be an important source of response to challenging environments in the genetically depauperate populations of this foundation species.Peer reviewe

Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Two Mangrove Species with Morphological Alterations in a Natural Environment

Mangrove is an ecosystem subjected to tide, salinity and nutrient variations. These conditions are stressful to most plants, except to mangrove plants that are well-adapted. However, many mangrove areas have extremely stressful conditions, such as salt marshes, and the plants nearby usually present morphological alterations. In Sepetiba Bay, two species of mangrove plants, Avicennia schaueriana and Laguncularia racemosa, have poor development near a salt marsh (SM) compared to plants at the riverside (RS), which is considered a favorable habitat in mangroves. The level of genetic diversity and its possible correlation with the morphological divergence of SM and RS plants of both species were assessed by AFLP molecular markers. We found moderate genetic differentiation between A. schaueriana plants from SM and RS areas and depleted genetic diversity on SM plants. On the other hand, Laguncularia racemosa plants had no genetic differentiation between areas. It is possible that a limited gene flow among the studied areas might be acting more intensely on A. schaueriana plants, resulting in the observed genetic differentiation. The populations of Laguncularia racemosa appear to be well connected, as genetic differentiation was not significant between the SM and RS populations. Gene flow and genetic drift are acting on neutral genetic diversity of these two mangrove species in the studied areas, and the observed genetic differentiation of A. schaueriana plants might be correlated with its morphological variation. For L. racemosa, morphological alterations could be related to epigenetic phenomena or adaptive loci polymorphism that should be further investigated

Map of the mangrove forest and pictures of <i>Laguncularia racemosa</i> illustrating the morphological differences between natural populations.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Map of Rio de Janeiro State, where the city of Rio de Janeiro is painted in red. There is an aerial view of the conserved Sepetiba Bay's mangrove forest. The salt marsh formation is visible in gray (no vegetation) above the study area delimited by a green line. (<b>B</b>) Individual of <i>L. racemosa</i> from the riverside (RS) location, almost 10 meters tall. (<b>C</b>) Typical <i>L. racemosa</i> individual from the area near a salt marsh (SM) with abnormal development, reaching only 1.5 meters in height.</p

Co-Inertia analysis of <i>Laguncularia racemosa</i> natural populations using genetic and epigenetic data.

<p>The Co-Inertia analysis maximized the covariance of PCAs shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010326#pone-0010326-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>. The significance test of this association was done with 9999 permutations. RS samples are numbered as 1 while SM samples are numbered as 2. Circles (○) correspond to the projection of genetic profiles (<i>Eco</i>RI/<i>Msp</i>I) and arrowheads (▸) the projection of epigenetic profiles (<i>Eco</i>RI/<i>Hpa</i>II). Black-filled arrows indicate three RS samples that had similar genetic profiles with three SM samples, but divergent epigenetic profiles. F1 and F2 values show the contribution of the two principal components summarizing the total variance of each dataset.</p

PCA analyses of <i>Laguncularia racemosa</i> natural populations using both genetic and epigenetic data separately.

<p>Multivariate analysis of the genetic (<i>Eco</i>RI/<i>Msp</i>I) and epigenetic (<i>Eco</i>RI/<i>Hpa</i>II) components of <i>L. racemosa</i> plants found at riverside (RS represented as number 1) and the salt marsh (SM represented as number 2) locations of Sepetiba's Bay mangrove forest. (<b>A</b>) PCA on covariance matrix for genetic profiles obtained using <i>Eco</i>RI/<i>Msp</i>I data. (<b>B</b>) PCA on covariance matrix for epigenetic profiles obtained using <i>Eco</i>RI/<i>Hpa</i>II data. F1 and F2 values show the contribution of the two principal components summarizing the total variance of each dataset. β_ST was calculated using Between-group EigenAnalysis (BPCA) for both genetic and epigenetic profiles and tested with 9999 permutations.</p