248 research outputs found
VIEILLISSEMENT,ETAT DE SANTE ET CESSATION DâACTIVITE
Si nos sociĂ©tĂ©s ont pris conscience de lâinĂ©luctabilitĂ© du processus de vieillissement de la population, elles commencent Ă©galement Ă apprĂ©hender la mesure de ses implications Ă©conomiques et sociales. Afin dâintroduire cette commission sur la cessation dâactivitĂ©, il nous a semblĂ© utile de tracer un bref aperçu des Ă©lĂ©ments dĂ©mographiques qui sous-tendent ce processus. Ces Ă©lĂ©ments, tels lâespĂ©rance de vie ou le taux de natalitĂ©, sont les causes fondamentales du vieillissement. Toutefois, nous ne pouvons agir sur eux que de maniĂšre trĂšs marginale, que ce soit au niveau individuel ou au travers dâune dĂ©cision politique, et de plus nous ne pouvons guĂšre espĂ©rer quâun effet Ă beaucoup plus long terme. Les variables Ă©conomiques ont Ă©galement un impact non nĂ©gligeable, et peuvent ĂȘtre influencĂ©es plus significativement. Nous montrerons par exemple lâimportance de lâĂąge moyen effectif de cessation dâactivitĂ© sur les indicateurs utilisĂ©s pour cerner la charge prĂ©sente et future reprĂ©sentĂ©e par la population ĂągĂ©e. Enfin, lâĂ©tat de santĂ© est encore un facteur essentiel dans la prise de dĂ©cision concernant une cessation prĂ©coce dâactivitĂ©. LâEnquĂȘte de SantĂ© par Interview rĂ©alisĂ©e en 1997 nous permet de jeter un certain Ă©clairage sur les conditions de santĂ© de la population la plus concernĂ©e par ce type de dĂ©cision : les 50-64 ans.
Assurance-maladie : comment adapter les taux de remboursement aux dépenses individuelles de santé?
Nous considĂ©rons un modĂšle dâassurance-maladie dans lequel les agents ne se diffĂ©rencient que par la gravitĂ© de la maladie qui les atteint. LâĂtat cherche Ă maximiser lâespĂ©rance dâutilitĂ© des assurĂ©s et dĂ©cide en consĂ©quence de rembourser une fraction des dĂ©penses de santĂ©. En lâabsence dâalĂ©a moral ex post, suivant lequel la dĂ©cision individuelle de dĂ©penses de santĂ© est affectĂ©e par leur taux de remboursement, celui-ci pourrait ĂȘtre de 100 %. Cependant, avec alĂ©a moral, la gratuitĂ© des soins nâest plus de mise. AprĂšs une brĂšve prĂ©sentation du cas dâun taux de remboursement uniforme, nous envisageons dâabord une structure de remboursement Ă deux taux, le premier sâappliquant en dessous dâun certain seuil de dĂ©penses et le second au-delĂ du seuil. Nous voulons connaĂźtre la valeur relative de ces deux taux de remboursement, ainsi que le montant du seuil. Ensuite nous montrons les caractĂ©ristiques dâun remboursement non linĂ©aire, qui nous rapproche un peu plus de la solution de premier rang. Des exemples numĂ©riques illustrent les dĂ©veloppements analytiques et montrent comment le partage des risques entre bien-portants et malades et la perte dâefficacitĂ© due Ă lâalĂ©a moral varient selon le schĂ©ma de remboursement.We consider a health insurance model with heterogeneous agents who only differ in illness severity. The public insurer intends to maximize the expected utility of people insured taking into account the premium paid by them to balance the insurer's budget. Without any ex post moral hazard, the reimbursement rate would be set at 100%. But with moral hazard, the individual decision, as regards medical expenses, varies with this rate. After a short presentation of the single rate case, we consider a two-rate reimbursement structure, with a threshold defining the scope of each rate, the one applying below the threshold and the other taking effect above this cut-off point. We want to determine the relative value of these two rates, as well as the amount of the threshold. Then we characterize a non-linear reimbursement, which is closer to the first-best solution. Some numerical simulations illustrate the analytical developments. They show how the reimbursement structure affects the risk sharing between the healthy and the sick and the efficiency loss caused by moral hazard
Assurance-maladie : comment adapter les taux de remboursement aux dépenses individuelles de santé?
We consider a health insurance model with heterogeneous agents who only differ in illness severity. The public insurer intends to maximize the expected utility of people insured taking into account the premium paid by them to balance the insurer's budget. Without any ex post moral hazard, the reimbursement rate would be set at 100%. But with moral hazard, the individual decision, as regards medical expenses, varies with this rate. After a short presentation of the single rate case, we consider a two-rate reimbursement structure, with a threshold defining the scope of each rate, the one applying below the threshold and the other taking effect above this cut-off point. We want to determine the relative value of these two rates, as well as the amount of the threshold. Then we characterize a non-linear reimbursement, which is closer to the first-best solution. Some numerical simulations illustrate the analytical developments. They show how the reimbursement structure affects the risk sharing between the healthy and the sick and the efficiency loss caused by moral hazard. Nous considĂ©rons un modĂšle dâassurance-maladie dans lequel les agents ne se diffĂ©rencient que par la gravitĂ© de la maladie qui les atteint. LâĂtat cherche Ă maximiser lâespĂ©rance dâutilitĂ© des assurĂ©s et dĂ©cide en consĂ©quence de rembourser une fraction des dĂ©penses de santĂ©. En lâabsence dâalĂ©a moral ex post, suivant lequel la dĂ©cision individuelle de dĂ©penses de santĂ© est affectĂ©e par leur taux de remboursement, celui-ci pourrait ĂȘtre de 100 %. Cependant, avec alĂ©a moral, la gratuitĂ© des soins nâest plus de mise. AprĂšs une brĂšve prĂ©sentation du cas dâun taux de remboursement uniforme, nous envisageons dâabord une structure de remboursement Ă deux taux, le premier sâappliquant en dessous dâun certain seuil de dĂ©penses et le second au-delĂ du seuil. Nous voulons connaĂźtre la valeur relative de ces deux taux de remboursement, ainsi que le montant du seuil. Ensuite nous montrons les caractĂ©ristiques dâun remboursement non linĂ©aire, qui nous rapproche un peu plus de la solution de premier rang. Des exemples numĂ©riques illustrent les dĂ©veloppements analytiques et montrent comment le partage des risques entre bien-portants et malades et la perte dâefficacitĂ© due Ă lâalĂ©a moral varient selon le schĂ©ma de remboursement.
Wszystkie ciaĆa czĆowieka
The paper is an essay on a materialist, though not reductionist philosophical anthropology derived from Sigmund Freudâs writings on human sexuality and narcissism. The author reads Freud in the light of Jean Laplancheâs commentaries, while arranging also deconstructive clashes between his thought and the writings by Gershom Scholem and Walter Benjamin. The author develops first, in a vision of the network of human drives seen as âmanâs second bodyâ, whose origin is then identified (in a post-secular spirit combining psychoanalytic and theological perspectives) to indicate further the primal seduction-as-revelation which is also responsible for our entrance into the realm of language.ArtykuĆ stanowi prĂłbÄ wysnucia materialistycznej, lecz nie redukcjonistycznej koncepcji antropologicznej z pism Zygmunta Freuda poĆwiÄconych ludzkiej seksualnoĆci i narcyzmowi. Pisma te odczytywane sÄ
tutaj w Ćwietle komentarzy i reinterpretacji Jeana Laplancheâa, a zarazem modyfikowane poprzez dekonstrukcjonistyczne zderzenie z pracami Gershoma Scholema i Waltera Benjamina. Autor wypracowuje wizjÄ sieci popÄdowej jako âdrugiego ciaĆaâ czĆowieka, by nastÄpnie â w duchu postsekularnym, splatajÄ
c ze sobÄ
myĆl psychoanalitycznÄ
i teologicznÄ
â wskazaÄ pierwotne uwiedzenie/objawienie jako ĆșrodĆo zarĂłwno owej powielonej cielesnoĆci, jak i jÄzykowej natury czĆowieka
FriĆŒider miĆoĆci, dziesiÄÄ piastrĂłw nadziei, czyli maĆa glosa do âPiotrusiaâ
The starting point for the article is the fact that Leo Lipskiâs literary works are evidentlyrooted in the anal-faecal universe. This aspect of the writerâs oeuvre can be relatively easilyanalyzed from a psychoanalytical perspective, which has traditionally linked the anal withsadomasochism. However, synchronously the author of the article demonstrates that: (1) the anal-faecal is related to memory, (2) the references to the anal-faecal are partly counterbalanced by the references to the oral, to the pleasure of eating and conditional release, which is provided by the narration itself and serves partly to downplay the overburdening resulting from traumatic memory. Analyzing the short novel PiotruĆ [Little Peter] in terms of the relations between the faecal, the realm of eating and the art of storytelling, the author attempts to highlight the brighter segments of Lipskiâs dark masterpiece, which may suggest a paradoxical victory, if not of the main character, at least of the author of the novel.Punktem wyjĆcia artykuĆu jest konstatacja oczywistego zakorzenienia pisarstwa Leo Lipskiego w uniwersum analno-fekalnym. Ten aspekt twĂłrczoĆci autora Piotrusia doĆÄ Ćatwo poddaje siÄ wykĆadni z punktu widzenia teorii psychoanalitycznej, ktĂłra tradycyjnie ĆÄ
czy rejestr analny z sadomasochizmem. Zarazem jednak autor artykuĆu wskazuje, ĆŒe (1) w twĂłrczoĆci Lipskiego rejestr analno-fekalny wiÄ
ĆŒe siÄ takĆŒe z rejestrem pamiÄci, a co wiÄcej (2) odwoĆania do tego rejestru w pewnej mierze rĂłwnowaĆŒone sÄ
przez odwoĆania do sfery oralnej, do przyjemnoĆci jedzenia i warunkowego wyzwolenia, jakÄ
daje sama narracja, po czÄĆci luzujÄ
ca takĆŒe przeciÄ
ĆŒenie traumatycznÄ
pamiÄciÄ
. AnalizujÄ
c mikropowieĆÄ PiotruĆ pod kÄ
tem relacji miÄdzy rejestrem fekalnym, sferÄ
jedzenia a sztukÄ
opowiadania, autor artykuĆu prĂłbuje wskazaÄ jaĆniejsze momenty mrocznego arcydzieĆa Lipskiego, ktĂłre pozwalajÄ
mĂłwiÄ o paradoksalnym zwyciÄstwie jeĆli nie bohatera, to autora powieĆci
Many-body system with a four-parameter family of point interactions in one dimension
We consider a four-parameter family of point interactions in one dimension.
This family is a generalization of the usual -function potential. We
examine a system consisting of many particles of equal masses that are
interacting pairwise through such a generalized point interaction. We follow
McGuire who obtained exact solutions for the system when the interaction is the
-function potential. We find exact bound states with the four-parameter
family. For the scattering problem, however, we have not been so successful.
This is because, as we point out, the condition of no diffraction that is
crucial in McGuire's method is not satisfied except when the four-parameter
family is essentially reduced to the -function potential.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
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