On the existence of a compact generator on the derived category of a noetherian formal scheme

In this paper, we prove that for a noetherian formal scheme X, its derived category of sheaves of modules with quasi-coherent torsion homologies D_qct(X) is generated by a single compact object. In an appendix we prove that the category of compact objects in D_qct(X) is skeletally small.Comment: 13 page

Clostridium difficile in a farrowing pen

Clostridium difficile is an important cause of enteric disease in humans. In pigs Clostridium difficile can cause neonatal enteritis and can be isolated from faeces from diseased and healthy animals. According to recent research, isolates from humans and animals show genetic and phenotypic overlap. In The Netherlands, strains isolated from diseased piglets were indistinguishable from strains isolated from Dutch patients. These strains belonged to ribotype 078. Because pigs can either be clinical hosts and/or may be a possible reservoir more understanding of the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile among pigs is needed. The objectives of this study were to specify whether, how and when newborn piglets get infected by Clostridium difficile for the first time. With this intention, six sows, their farrowing crates and litters (71 piglets) at one farm were sampled around the day of birth of the piglets. Within 48 hours after birth, all sampled 71 piglets at the farm became positive for Clostridium difficile ribotype 078. Moreover, all sows became positive within 113 hours after birth of the piglets and the farrowing crates were intermittently positive during the sampling period. This research shows that the sow, the farrowing crate, the air and the teats of the sow are possible transmission routes of Clostridium difficile ribotype 078.This information might help to advise farmers on taking measures against Clostridium difficile infections in neonatal piglets

Aerial dissemination of Clostridium difficile spores inside and outside a pig farm

In both human and veterinary medicine Clostridium difficile infections are increasingly reported. The observation that aerial dissemination occurs in a hospital environment and can pla a role in the transmission of human C. difficile infection, resulted in the present study to the occurence of airborne C. difficile in, and nearby a pig farm with a high prevalence of C. difficile

Variety of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in pigs arriving at the slaughterhouse

Food products of animal origin might play a role in interspecies transmission of C. difficile. In pigs, Clostridium difficile can cause neonatal enteritis and can be isolated from faeces from both diseased and healthy animals. To determine the prevalence of C. difficile in Dutch pigs arriving at the slaughterhouse a pilot study was conducted at one slaughterhouse in the Netherlands. Rectal faecal samples were taken from fifty slaughtering pigs from ten farms just after the pigs were sedated. These samples were examined using a real time PCR (BD GeneOhmTM Cdiff Assay), in combination with culturing after enrichment. Using real time PCR, none of the faecal samples were found to be positive for C. difficile while after culturing 14 samples (coming from pigs from nine different farms) were found to be positive for C. difficile. The positive samples derived from 9 different farms and encompassed seven different ribotypes

GenBank

GenBank (R) is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available nucleotide sequences for more than 240 000 named organisms, obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects. Most submissions are made using the web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs and accession numbers are assigned by GenBank staff upon receipt. Daily data exchange with the EMBL Data Library in Europe and the DNA Data Bank of Japan ensures worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through NCBI's retrieval system, Entrez, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP. To access GenBank and its related retrieval and analysis services, begin at the NCBI Homepage ()

T-cell intracellular antigens in health and disease

T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) and TIA1-related/like protein (TIAR/TIAL1) are 2 proteins discovered in 1991 as components of cytotoxic T lymphocyte granules. They act in the nucleus as regulators of transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. In the cytoplasm, TIA1 and TIAR regulate and/or modulate the location, stability and/or translation of mRNAs. As knowledge of the different genes regulated by these proteins and the cellular/biological programs in which they are involved increases, it is evident that these antigens are key players in human physiology and pathology. This review will discuss the latest developments in the field, with physiopathological relevance, that point to novel roles for these regulators in the molecular and cell biology of higher eukaryotes.Ministry Economic Affairs and Competitiveness through FEDER funds (BFU2008–00354, BFU2011–29653 and BFU2014–57735-R). The CBMSO receives an institutional grant from Fundación Ramón Areces.Peer Reviewe

Social presence in the 21st Century: an adjustment to the Community of Inquiry framework

The Community of Inquiry framework, originally proposed by Garrison, Anderson and Archer (2000) identifies teaching, social and cognitive presences as central to a successful online educational experience. This article presents the findings of a study conducted in Uruguay between 2007 and 2010. The research aimed to establish the role of cognitive, social and teaching presences in the professional development of 40 English language teachers on Continuous Professional Development (CPD) programmes delivered in blended learning settings. The findings suggest that teaching presence and cognitive presence have themselves 'become social'. The research points to social presence as a major lever for engagement, sense-making and peer support. Based on the patterns identified in the study, this article puts forward an adjustment to the Community of Inquiry framework, which shows social presence as more prominent within the teaching and cognitive constructs than the original version of the framework suggests

Performance of four different diagnostic tests for C. difficile infection in piglets

Clostridium difficile is emerging as a pathogen in man as well as in animals. In 2000 it was described as a cause of neonatal enteritis in piglets and it is now the most common cause of neonatal diarrhoea in the USA. In Europe, C. difficile infection (CDI) in neonatal piglets has also been reported. Diagnosis of this infection is based on detection of the bacterium or its toxins A and B

The Maximal Denumerant of a Numerical Semigroup

Given a numerical semigroup S = and n in S, we consider the factorization n = c_0 a_0 + c_1 a_1 + ... + c_t a_t where c_i >= 0. Such a factorization is maximal if c_0 + c_1 + ... + c_t is a maximum over all such factorizations of n. We provide an algorithm for computing the maximum number of maximal factorizations possible for an element in S, which is called the maximal denumerant of S. We also consider various cases that have connections to the Cohen-Macualay and Gorenstein properties of associated graded rings for which this algorithm simplifies.Comment: 13 Page